LAND AND .W.ATER. 
June 12, 1915. 
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llie river upon Avhich to establish yourself if you 
Bucceed in forcing the stream. It is an excellent 
choice for forcing the line of the Dniester, and it 
is only about forty miles off from Lemberg, though 
the communications by road are not good. 
The details of this crossiDg at Zurawno may 
be appreciated from the subjoined sketch. The 
Dniester flo^s, immediately above the town, 
through marshy districts which make an approach 
difficult, and a footing upon the far side impos- 
sible. But just at the town itself you have a tract 
of dry ground across which leads the road fi"om 
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'BngHAWAti. 
THE DARDANELLES. 
It is significant of the extreme difficulty of 
solving the problem of the Dardanelles that the 
second great assault was not delivered until 
exactly a month after the first attack upon the 
Achibaba position, which, as will be remembered, 
took place upon May 4-6. 
All that can be said about this second effort 
is that it has left the position intact. What losse3 
it may have inflicted upon the enemy, how far the 
bombardment may have shaken his defences, only 
those upon the spot can tell. But the line still 
stands unbroken ; the first of the two great posi- 
tions with which the enemy defends the Narrows 
is intact; the Allies have not even reached 
Krithia village upon the slopes of the Achibaba, 
and we must wait for a further effort before a 
decision even as regards the first position is in 
sight. 
Meanwhile it may be worth noting that the 
crux of the problem lies in the ability the 
Allies may discover of cutting the enemy's supply 
across the Straits. The British submarines have 
already rendered transport through the Sea of 
Marmara impossible. It remains to be seen how 
far their effort, or that of the indirect fire from 
the Fleet, can interfere with the passage of rein- 
forcements and munitions for the enemy from the 
mainland to the Gallipoli Peninsula across the 
Narrows. In the absence of a really large siege 
train, wherewith to reduce the positions directly, 
such a hampering of communications, though 
tardy, would seem to be the only solution. 
THE ITALIAN ATTACK UPON THE 
ISTRL4N FRONTIER. 
The covering troops of the Italians, behind 
whose action the main army is mobilising, proceed 
methodically to occupy the passes which dominate 
the Lombard plain. Whether they will be able 
to hold these or not when the enemy has brought 
up his own main force only the future can show. 
As we know, the Italian covering troops have 
already occupied the summit of Monte Nero, on 
the far side of the Isonzo, in the mountain 
country, from which summits their artillery 
Stryj and the railway only a short distance off, 
not more than a day's transport for the munitions 
of the heavy artillery that prepares your cross- 
ing. Further, upon the eastern bank beyond, you 
have high ground, the contours of Avhich are 
roughly indicated in t!ie above sketch in feet 
above the sea. The river being here some 740 feet 
above the sea, the first contour line represents the 
bqrinning of the hills, v/hose summits are from 200 
to 400 feet or more above the water. These 
summits, or the slopes of the hills, the enemy has 
now gained. It remains to be seen how far he 
will be able to press forward beyond the obst-acle 
which he has successfully surmounted. Hitherto 
it has alwa3'8 been di.scovered that upon his 
getting more than one ea.'^y day's journey fi-om 
the railway, with the power of munitionment 
to his great superiority in heavy guns on this 
front, which the railway gives, the enemy can no 
longer go forward. We must hope that it will be 
another example of the same" holding up of his 
advance. 
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