'Julv 10, 1915. 
LAND AND .WATER, 
ran between, separating them. In other words, 
his communications would have been in grave 
periL 
He therefore wisely determined, in his attack 
upon the raOway line, to choose the region west 
of the Bug. 
He had a further reason, which is that if you 
seize Lublin and Cholm you are cutting off Ivan- 
gorod and .Warsaw from numerous centres of 
munitionment and recruitment in the central 
north, Lublin and Cholm being junctions. The 
isolation of .Warsaw by the cutting of this raU- 
jyay is therefore somewhat more thorough if the 
cutting be effected at Lublin and Cholm than if it 
.were only effected at Kowel. 
We sum up, then, and say that the enemy, 
who has been advancing hitherto directly west- 
ward along the main Galician railway, past Lera- 
berg, has turned the main mass of his troops at a 
right angle during the last fortnight, and is now 
bringing them up by the few roads of that inhos- 
pitable belt of country, which separates the Gali- 
cian railway system from the Russian Rowno- 
Ivangorod railway. The dimensions of this belt 
and its relation to the two sets of railways may 
best be appreciated from the following sketch, to 
.which a scale is attached- 
One of these causeways runs from just beyo»d 
the railhead at R, through Tomasow (T), then to 
Zamosc, then to Krasnostaw (K), and so to Cholm, 
The other is more roundabout. Two roads 
converge upon Krasnik; thence a causeway, like 
that to Cholm, runs to Lublin. The enemy may, 
therefore, be said roughly to possess two avenues 
— and two alone — for his attempt. He is in 
possession of Krasnik and of Zamosc. One of his 
avenues is the causeway Zamosc to Cholm, which 
I have marked 1 — 1, and the other is the cavisewavi 
from Krasnik to Lublin, which I have marked 
2 — 2. At the moment of writing the two enemy 
columns have proceeded about equally far each of 
them from their railheads. They are each fight- 
ing at about the same distance from the Rowno- 
Ivangorod line, which it is their business to reach, 
and the Russian defensive is attempting in 
curiously parallel circumstances of ground to 
check their advance. 
One of the battles has been going on in front' 
of Zamosc at A — ^A and the other in front of 
Krasnik at B — B. Upon their final result will 
depend the fate of Lublin and of Cholm, and with 
the fate of these two junctions the fate of the 
Rowno-Ivangorod line, and ultimately, it musi 
be presumed, of Warsaw. 
to 
^jo so 
*0 
50 
I 
Miles 
[vangorod 
wno 
j^Main. "Roads 
'Kussian ^ilufoys 
» I I I '^Galician ftaxhbcuff 
lU 
The Galician railway system I have indi- 
cated in this sketch by one convention, the Rus- 
sian railway system by another. 
It will be seen that in the region in front of 
Lublin and Cholm, through which the enemy is 
now operating northwards, there are no railways 
at all, but only a few roads, of which two main 
causeways and no more would support the passage 
and full supply (however tardily) of large guns. 
Let us turn to each of these attempts in some- 
what greater detail. 
Wo will call the Austrian column working 
from Krasnik, Colmnn 1, and the column, which 
appears to be mainly German and is working 
from Zamosc, Column 2. 
Column 1 occupied Krasnik or its neighbour- 
hood at the end of last week. It was then about 
thirty miles from the railhead, and it had brougbl 
3« 
