Eeplember 18, 1915. 
LAND AND .WATER 
; 2 
.— «,. — «,...> — *, 
True Scuie ofZeppelia. 
3 ;■ 4- 
'*'-^"-----V.>-C"'-'^."""--'^,. ""'-ffe '"^^ % •■;^ i <D Time of riyihc 10 seconds. Zeppelin 
Change rf^Tiange — 6 100 tjards in i-muttues 
^ Topta nue and a. rupidl:^ vari{uw rtue. 
■ X § cnu'-cls mice her oum length 
®"-. ^ ® Tiioc of Flight Jiewnds. Zeppelin 
travels l)^ tunes Jut' oum length. 
<D Time cfFU^it f- seconds. Zeppelin 
{ray els fy ker oum Length. 
"•■•■-::;:i:;:>.(S)i 
seen that it will pass from a range of 8,500 yards 
to 2,400 and out again to 8,500 in the course of 
8 minutes. There is, then, a total change of 
range of 6,000 yards in each 4 minutes. In 
the first four the range decreasing, in the second 
increasing. In the first minute the rate of change 
is about 2,000 yards a minute. A glance at 
the sketch will show that the amount of the 
range, and hence the rate, varies in every half- 
minute during the run. Now, remember that the 
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o 
IT, 
nXstance ofGnn ftotn. 
pcrpcndictdar looo yards 
range in this case has not only got t.o be set upon 
the sight, but it has also wpon the fuse. The infinite 
complications of the procedure can then be judged 
from the fact that, supposing in four minutes we 
wish to fire a shot every 15 seconds — not a very 
high rate of fire— we should have to get 16 
entirely different settings, with unequal successive 
alterations, both of the sights and of the fuse. 
There is no rough-and-ready way by which this 
can be done. 
An inspection of the sketch will also show" the 
difficulties that arise from the movements of the 
target while the shell is in the air. This is the 
problem of deflection. If we suppose the Zeppelin 
to be 500 feet long, and to be travelling 2,000 
yards — that is 6,000 feet — a minute, it is obvious 
that she will go her own length in five seconds. 
Assuming the time of flight of the projectile to be 
as stated in the sketch, it will thus be seen that 
the point of aim will have to be a varying number 
of lengths in front of the target, as the Zeppelin 
proceeds upon her course. How are these changes 
of range and deflection to be obtained ? 
THE ONLY WAY— AND ITS COST. 
The elements obviously depend upon observa- 
tions, computations, and calculations, and to 
make the results useful, there must be perfect cora- 
raunications with the guns. The rapidity with 
which ea!act results must be supplied makes it 
quite inconceivable that these operations should be 
carried out solely by visual, mental, and manual 
operations. Human processes are both too slow and 
too liable to eri-or to be, in point of fact, of the 
slightest use. 
A. H. POLLEN. 
THE EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIA. 
By L. March Phillipps. 
ONE of the mast valuable a.ssets on the side of 
the Allies to-day is the unquenchable de- 
termination of the Russian people to f>er- 
severe in the struggle, whatever may be the 
sufferings it entails. This, as we so often 
.say, is a popular war in Russia, a national war. The 
fighting of Germany is an act into which the Russian 
population is pouring spontaneously its whole energy 
and enthusia.sm. All political parties have been united 
by the present war. It has obliterated strikes and riots, 
has rallied to the colours exiles and democrats, and has 
called forth throughout the length and breadth of the 
land demonstrations of devotion and self-sacrifice which 
eloquently and pathetically demonstrate the trend of 
public .sympathy. If ever there was a war in which the 
hearts of the people were engaged it is tlie present one. 
This it is, indeed, which makes Russia so redoubtable 
a foe. She is not highly equipped. Modern armaments 
and their application to war are a fruit of intellectual 
culture, and, Ru.ssia being in this respect backward, her 
armies incur the penalty. But in depth and intensity of 
her popular convictions and in the numbersofthemasses 
by whom those cotivictions are shared Russia possesses 
compensating weapons of her own which make her a 
valuable ally and a patient and formidable enemy. 
If, then, we would appreciate the forces operating 
in the present war here is one which very directly 
challenges our attention. This earnestness of the 
Russian people is marked already as a determining 
factor. It is exactly of the quality necessary for the 
display of Russia's natural forces. To suffer but to go 
on, until her slow-gathering armies and vast spaces ex- 
haust the enemy's initiative, is evidently Russia's 
ordained policy, and to the success of it the one thing 
necessary is the power of the nation to endure. To this, 
therefore, we return. What does this popular deter- 
mination of Russia's to fight Germany to a finish 
mean ? What are the causes of so remarkable a resolve ? 
For it is remarkable. Ninety per cent, of the Russian 
population are pea.sants, and it is not often that a 
peasantry (especially a backward and illiterate peasantry 
like the Russian) troubles its head about foreign nations 
and foreign politics. All the more .strange is it that a 
hundred million Russian peasants should in this quarrel 
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