March i6, 19 16. 
J. A N D AND W A T E R 
without payment. The second time he was overpowered 
and beaten by twelve men with fencing stakes. They 
thought he was dying, but nevertheless sent jiiminto Tur- 
key on a bullock cart. The agony of that journey can 
better be imagined than described. They put him into 
hospital and, he said, treated him very kindly till he was 
better, when they flung him into a hlthy prison. His 
friends had discovered where he was and sent him money, 
or he would have starved to death. He described how the 
dungeon was like night, becan.se the only windows were 
blocked by the poorer prisoners who stood there all day long 
holding out arms through the bars to beg alms from the 
passers by. He was rescued by his friends, whobribed the 
(iovernor and a gaoler, and he was allowed to escape. 
But his health ♦as undermined by his sufferings, and 
for six months he lay a cripple in Montenegro. He 
cured himself. In the summer he crawled down to 
Cattaro, and on the sweltering shores of the Adriatic 
he built a primitive sweat bath. In a fortnight, he said, 
lie was better, and in two months was able to get about. 
when he was quite cured he emigrated to America, 
where in a few years he saved £800. He returned to his 
country, but was so oppressed by the misery about him 
that in a few months all his money had been given away 
and he went back to America to get more. 
He was a rabid prospector, and when he learned that 
I had been a mining engineer, he wanted me to join him, 
after the war, and make a thorough tour of the mountains 
in search of mineral. He was in Canada when the war 
started and had organised the large Serbian contingent 
which had left that colony to aid Montenegro. He 
had strict notions and was disgusted because the Serbian 
girls in Ipek would not discard Turkish costume. 
" I sez to 'em Mister Jim, — Tisnt decent. Dats 
wat I sez. Dese ere gals goin 'bout in trousers an coverin' 
up der faces .same as if dey was Turks. But dey tells me 
ter mind me business. Trousers is more comfortable, they 
sez ; an I say,tisn't comfort youorter bethinkin' bout, but 
nations. Biit dey afraid. Dey say Turk 'e comeback an 
what then ? " 
We took him one day to visit the Archbishop of Ipek. 
Somehow there was no introduction, and the dignitary 
seemed a little huffed that we should have brought a 
common soldier to see him. At last he turned con- 
descendingly to Pavolvitch and demanded his name. 
The Archbishop's expression changed at once. 
" What," he said, rising from his chair, " You are 
Nikolo Pavlovitch." He shoijk him warmly by the hand. 
" So I have met you at last." 
When we left Ipek, Nikolo Pavlovitch, who suffered 
at times from bad facial neuralgia, asked us to send him 
some camphorated oil, also an old sweater if we had 
one. The things were sent and I expect he got the oil, 
but I doubt if a woollen sweater could travel from one end 
of Serbia to the other in safety. Serbs are so susceptible to 
cold. 
WHY PEACE IS IMPOSSIBLE. 
By L. March Philhpps. 
A LL wars imply the existence of an inward antagon- 
/% ism, an antagonism of will, idea, ambition, 
/ % preceding and leading up to the outward an- 
^ A-tagonism of act. But it has hitherto been the 
case that tlaese inward antagonisms, the real sources of 
wars, have rarely been vital or permanently important 
to mankind in general. 
Mostly they have been antagonisms of kings and 
ministers, and have embodied State jealousies and am- 
bitions more or less irrelevant to the national welfare. 
Hence -when a certain amount of blood had been spilt 
and the available ready money spent there was nothing 
to prevent a peace being patched up. The peace might not 
mean a reconciliation of the interests involved, but those 
interests being usually trivial it mattered not whether 
they were reconciled or not. The national life grew past 
them, grew over them ; the march of humanity left them 
far behind ; and the historian, who by and by reviewed 
t'.iosi events, might imagine himself wandering amid the 
ashes of extinct volcanobs. 
But what if the inward antagonism does not pass, 
what if it is not only profound and irreconcileable, but 
permanent ? In that case obviously there is not much 
use in discussing peace, for however much we discussed 
it we could not realise it. Even if we arranged terms 
and signed treaties and sheathed our swords, we should 
not have made peace so long as the inward discord 
remained operative. We might cover over the fire but 
the flame would burn within. 
Evolution of Prussianism. 
What is it we are dealing with ? I would wish the 
reader to tix his attention on the orderly, progressive 
evolution of Prussianism in its own home and stronghold, 
from a rough unconscious law of life dictated by harsh 
circumstances and grim necessity, down to its final 
appearance as a reasoned theory of government and 
religious or ethical system ; and especially I would have 
him note how all this later political and religious develop- 
ment was made to match the primitive law of life, and 
but expresses in finer intellectual or spiritual language 
the impulses which guided that life's daily conduct. 
Just as we see of England that her gospel of liberty was 
of slow growth, and was built on fact and experiment, 
so that her creation of a free empire has seemed un- 
consicous, as though it were fashioned by convenience 
rather than in accordance with any preconceived idea ; 
so too the autocratic instinct in Prussia may be said to 
have grown gradually out of life's experience and to have 
been for centuries a matter of common usage ere it was 
raised to the dignity of a philosophy and a faith. 
It would almost seem that the land of Prussia had 
been created for the express cultivation of the stern 
spirit which came to reside there. Desolate and savage, 
its mountainous plains trending gradually to the grey 
waters of the Baltic with which the currents of its rivers, 
the Vistula, the Oder, the Spree, were often undistinguish- 
ably blent in vast expanses of marsh and reed, its heathy 
or grassy tracts interspersed with forests of fir and pine, 
wolf and bear haunted, it offered truly a rude pri: for 
valour to the Slavs, Wends, Danes and Germans by 
whom it was contested. Not till the Thirteenth Century 
was Christianity introduced by the summary methods c)f 
the crusading orders, the Teutonic Knights and Knights 
of the Sword, missionaries whose religious zeal was imper- 
fectly distinguished from lust of conquest. 
Heterogeneous Elements. 
Out of these heterogeneous elements mingled i.i 
fierce confusion there formed by degrees an aristocracy, 
not distinguished indeed by any of the refinement or 
grace of bearing which we associate with the word, but 
remarkable for the implacable resolution with which it 
imposed its will upon subject classes and peoples. The 
invaders were not only the feudal lords but the military 
conquerors of the country. As rocks jut up out of stormy 
waters so were they surrounded by hostile and doubtful 
clans eager to submerge them. Their position could be 
maintained and extended but by the exercise of unfalter- 
ing vigilance and resolution. Self-preservation meant for 
every noble in the land the successful maintenance of 
the family dignity and authority against all attack, and 
the keeping his own foothold amid the shifting elements 
of that fierce society' by which he was surrounded. By 
this endeavour the nobles were drawn and welded into 
a solid body inspired by the tyrannic principle in all its 
nakedness and power. 
If the reader will reflect on the nature of the en- 
vironment in which the evolution of Junkerdom took 
place, he will scarcely wonder that it should have given 
to the world the most stubbornly autocratic society known 
to history. There are dyes so potent that a single drop 
will stain a reservoir. There are strains of blood so 
ineradicable that the least tincture imprints itself on 
generation after generation. In the same way so con- 
centrated was the rpiality of the Prussian autocratic 
