44 LAND& WATER May 25, 1916 
Table H.— British Empire Trade with All Foreign Countries in the year 1913. Distinguishing Imports and Exports by 
the various Classes. 
KrilUh Kniplro ImiihuIw liuin All I'oriMgu 
( I'll 111 rii>. Bfilitli Empire Export* to All Foroign (teuntries. 
I'Uil oif BlUTIsa EjiriM. I. rood^H. lUw Ul. Maim- IV. MU- V. Ballion Total I. Food, 11. K^w^II. M»nu- IV. Ml* V. Bullion ToUl 
Drink, A Muti-riaU, facturod wlUucoiu. 4 Specie. Import!. Drink,* Matorlato. r«cturod cclUneous. 4 Specie. Exports. 
Tohacfo. ArtlclM. Tobacco. Art idea. 
~ Mill. £ JltU. £ Hill. £ Mill. £ Mill. £ Mill. £ Mill. £ MUl. £ MIU. « MUl. £ MiU. £ Mill £ 
Unllr-d Kingdom .. ..• ■ .. 214. a 190.3 170. :i 2.4 24.7 flOl.9 32.2 ItS.l 2«8.9 IJ.7 39.5 465.4 
Canada 15.1 27.4 55.1 ' 1.0 3.1 1(11.7 10. H 14.5 14.2 ,8 7.6 47.9 
Blill-li l!l'1ia(by S!p»only) .. .. 10.1 4.6 21.5 .7 «.« 43.5 17.4 «3.1 • 22.2 .» .3 103.U 
V Il.g 6.0' 20.5 .0 .0 29.4 4.5 26.0 3.5 .0 .3 34.3 
.iicnls 11.1 7.5 3.8 .0 .5 22.11 «.:l 11.5 2.3 .0 .4 »!..'> 
I ith Africa .. .. 2.7 2.6 7.1 .7 .8 13.0 .2 3.7 .3 .1 .0 4.3 
>.« /..uli.n.l 5 .8 2.4 .1 .0 3.0 .2 1.4 .1 .0 .0 1.7 
All ollur I'aru : including British India 
by Und only 10.1 6.4 9.6 .8 l.t 2S.3 10.5 14.3 T.C .3 1.6 34.3 
ToUl 267.7 244.6 290.4 5.7 37.1 845.5 82.1 26g.6 300.1 8.2 49.7 711.7 
f 11,1. ,.11- w based on rd. 7827. Year 1015, pp. 67 to 76 and pp. 35 to ,H8. 
Tbc Exi¥>rta above stated Include Domeatir an ! .luee exjiorlt-d frnni the Briti^li Kmplre to .\ll Foreign t^onntrics. That is to say. these Export.^ are not. exclusively 
of Britiah Kmpire prodnetion. The Don. are not wpiirately n'corded. As rei^ards the t'nlli-d Kingdom, the above Exports* to .411 Foreiifn Countries arc niado 
up aa foUowa : — Merihanduc of lluited l\,,.^^ i'uiductlon 321). milUuu i; MercbandUe not of United Kingdom Productiun 0(1." im"! "" >: Bullion and ti[Kr.\o 
99.5 niilUon £. Total, 465.4 mlUloD £, as above shown. 
(Continued Irom pagt iZ). 
production to fade in favour of the inferior beet sugar 
we have bought in huge quantities from (Germany. We 
have paid (iermany many millions sterling per year for 
beet sugar. Reform is needed here. As regards wheat, 
Canada, if encouraged jto do so, can supply all the wheat 
that is needed to supplement other British Empire 
production of wheat. 
In Class 2 of Table F, Raw Materials, the leading 
articles of British Empire import from All l-oreign 
Countries are raw cotton, wood, oil. And in class j, 
Manufactured Articles, the chief items are iron and steel 
manufactures other than machinery, cotton goods, silk 
gpods. 
Table G shows the exports of certain staple articles 
from the British Empire to All Foreign Countries. It 
should be considered in conjunction with Table l-". 
Table H gives a summary of British Empire trade with 
All Foreign Countries, distinguishing the most important 
parts of the Empire and also showing the trade in each 
Class of imports and exports. In Class i, Food, the 
Empire imports 268 million £ and exports only 82 milUon £. 
But this large difference is seen to be mainly due to the 
"35^ 
2.90 
0.68 
2.63 
:l^s 
82. 
FOOD 
Etc: 
RAW 
jMATEMALS. 
•MANUFACTOREO 
.ARTICLES. 
Pla'm Column! — Imports 
Striped Columns — Exports 
No. 1 — British Empire Imports and Exports from and to all foreiijn 
countries in the year 1913. Disiinjuiihint th« three classes of trade. 
Suted in million £ (see table H). 
United Kingdom's great imports of food. One of the 
reforms in British trade and production should be the 
decrease of the United Kingdom's dependence for its 
food upon sea-borne supplies of food. The decay of 
agriculture in the United Kingdom during recent genera- 
tions has been an injurious and linsafe accompaniment 
of our mistaken trade policy. Foresight and prevision 
in this matter are urgently needed. 
The other parts of Table H, which has been condensed 
from a large mass of official facts, are worth attention. 
Diagram No. 2 also displays some of the facts contained 
in Table H. 
Some ten years ago, when the advocates of Free Trade 
and of Tariff Reform were making the air thick by 
throwing carefully chosen statistical bricks at each others' 
heads, I set about an investigation of the tendencies of 
British and -Foreign trade in many directions. My pur- 
pose was to avoid the plan of selecting these or those 
facts which happen to support a preconceived opinion, 
and to use all the facts available in a sound way so as to 
make these facts disclose trade tendencies. Many useful 
results came to 
light, and one 
of them is show 
in Table J. My 
method of tak- 
ing the yearly 
average during 
a large number 
of continuous 
decades, illus- 
trated in Table 
J, merges the 
confusing 
fluctuations of 
single years 
into decennial 
averages. The 
result is that 
a well defined 
tendency is dis- 
closed, based 
upon the whole 
mass of facts 
without any 
biassed selec- 
tion. The result 
shown in Table 
J, for instance, 
is of importance 
when we are 
c o n s i d e r i ng 
British Empire 
trade and pro- 
ducti'M. We see 
that oaring the 
long period sur- 
veyed, the United Kingdom has gradually lost the 
whole of the predominance it possessed in 1880-1889 
as a seller in British oversea markets. That predomin- 
ance was finally lost in the decade 1899-1909. Two 
foreign coimtries that have been largely responsible 
for the displacement of the United Kingdom in the 
markets of British Dominions and Colonics arc Germany 
and the United States. It is probable that after the war 
(Conlwucd on puf/e 46. J 
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«6 
Ul 
z 
< 
s 
s 
Ul 
ce. 
o 
u. 
f- ' 
V) 
(/> 
t- 
f- 
c;: 
t£ 
o 
o 
fr. 
b. 
s 
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Ul 
1 
1 
104-5. 89. 
Q15. 
97 
TOTAL 
TOTAL 
IMPOWS . 
PIPORTS 
, — 1 
No. 2 — british Empire lotal Imports and 
Exports, distinguishing British Empire Im- 
ports and Exports from and to Germany. 
Yearly average during 1909-13 stated in 
million £ (see table C). 
