i6 
LAND & WATER 
September 28, 191 6 
eight British coins to two German ones. 
In certain particulars, fortunately for them, the Ger- 
mans did not copy the English administration, and these 
were in relation to the game and trading laws. Our 
s^'stem resulted in enormous annual losses to the British 
colony and a huge financial gain consequently to the 
German, as they secured oil our ivory and rhinoceros 
horn trade. The British Government wished to preserve 
the wild game without regard to the damage which the 
farmer sustained'on account of his inability to protect 
his crops. It was obviously impossible for the settlers 
to protect their plantations without an enormous army 
of gamekeepers and rangers, which they could not afford 
to maintain. The result was that the game laws were 
ignored and game was killed as if ^ath laws had never 
been introduced. The British Government also placed a 
restriction upon the trading of ivory from the natives. 
J In conrlusidn I will record one illustration of the ex- 
trerhes to which the (iermans will occasionally go in their 
brutal determination to subjugate the native. The case 
occurred at Shirati. Commandant Bohmstadt, whom 
I have mentioned, effectually stamjx;d out thieving and 
petty peculation among the natives on his station and 
they had become so terrified that they would not e\'en 
pick up money lost in the street. One day this man 
was on a tour round his district when a native woman 
ran after him complaining that some Swahilis had taken 
away her flour without paying for it. He told off eight 
soldiers to return and ordered them to fire three volleys 
into the hufs occupied by the Swahilis, which they im- 
mediately did, killing and wounding about a dozen, 
including women and children. 
The Establishment of Poland— V 
THE main points with regard to the establishment 
of Poland at the end ot the war may be briefly 
summarised as follows:. Racially, Polands 
boundaries are as shown on the accompanying 
map ; it is necessary to the peace of Europe that these 
racial boundaries and the political frontiers of the new 
Poland should correspond, though such correspondence 
involves the isolation of East Prussia from the rest of 
Prussia. 

-<p 2^ ao 
V^iCes 
'Baltic 
BdtpoFtiu Polish "xy^ 
speaJdty butmott German "^y 
Odier Slav speaking racesl 
Political Trontiers ot^ Russian, 
(/emum&rAtistFian Empipes 
hefore. ttue. Ww . , 
Un this sketch is shown the area occupied by the Polish-speaking 
people, and the general limits due to an independent Poland. The 
country lies round the Vistula basin, depends for its access to the 
sea upon the port of Dantzifi, and has a clearly-defined frontier to 
thi west against Oerman speech, with a less clearly-di fined boundary 
to the east against of.ier Siav-speakin|i peoples. It is shown how 
this territory isolates the German-speakinfi province of East Prussia 
round Koni£sber£ and north of the Masurian lakes. The town- 
centres of Vilna and Lemb;r|J represent isolated Polish-speaking 
majorities, but all the eastern belt contains a proportion of Polish 
landowners and peasants 
Slavonic in origin, the Poles differ from the Sla\s 
dwelling farther east in that they received their culture 
from western sources ; Christianity, the great civilising 
force of Europe, worked inward from two points— the 
Roman and the I^yzantine. Such culture as Russia 
gained in the period when civilisation was forming from 
barbarism was wholly Byzantine ; the western Slavs 
received their religion and culture from the west and 
south, from the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions. 
Not only were their bishops in communion with Rome. 
but their whole culture was part and parcel of Wv-stern 
things. In the district of Posania was found the first 
nucleus of the new State that was subsequently to be 
called Poland, and from that district Polish unity grew 
up. On the west, the racial boundary of this State is 
clearly defined ; on the east, the boundary is undefined, 
for the I.ithuanians, forming a dividing race between 
Byzantine Slavs and Westernised Slavs, became partially 
absorbed by either form of civilisation, so that the 
eastern boundary fluctuates through what was the 
pagan belt stretching from the Baltic shores down toward 
Lemberg. 
In its early days the new State had no outlet to the 
sea, but gradually the race extended northward along 
the Vistula basin, and reached the Baltic at Dantzig and 
to the west of Dantzig. Meanwhile, German orders of 
chivalry had penetrated farther east than Dantzig, and 
had formed an isolated settlement in the district of the 
Masurian lakes, reaching north-eastward as far as 
Konigsberg. This medieval settlement was the root 
of the whole Prussian race, which, partly through a 
genius for organisation tor war and partly by a series of 
accidents, came to the dominance of all modern Ger- 
many. 
Through the policy of Frederick the Great, the in- 
famous partition of Pola'nd was accomplished in the 
i6th century, and from that mutilation of a nation the 
great war of the present indirectly arose. It has become 
evident, no less to Germany than to the Allies, that 
Poland must again be established as a kingdom ; Gor- 
rnany proposes to re-establish that kingdom as an island 
State, autonomous in name, but in reality under (ierman 
control, and shorn of Dantzig, of Thorn, and of the original 
district of Posania. Such a re-establishment would be 
little less infamous than the original partition of the 
kingdom between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The 
new Poland, according to (iermany, is to be a mere pro- 
vince of the " Central Europe " scheme, for which the 
war was inaugurated. 
Such would be the chief fruit of an inconclusive peace : 
Cracow, utterly Polish, would remain politically separated 
from the new State ; Dantzig, the true port "of Poland, . 
would be (German, and the new Poland, the true proof 
of Allied victory, would not e.xist ; there would be a 
Polish province, made autonomous by Russia, but under 
Russian tutelage. 
In the interests of the future peace of Europe, the 
Allied programme must include nothing less than the 
re-establishment of Poland in its inlci:;n'ty, and possessed 
of a jrecbjard on the Baltic : Dantzig. Dantzig is the 
key of the whole policy; the essential point. Dantzig 
must be polish. East Prussia, the heart of the Prussian 
system, must be created an island, separate from the 
rest of Germany— our enemies would not hesitate at 
such a solution of the j^roblcm of the Baltic coast. 
By the isolation of Konigsberg and the rest of East 
Prussia, a (lerman-speaking colony beyond the real 
Poland, a safc^J^uard would be set up ; by the con- 
nection of Erst Prussia with Germany, which means 
the retention ot Dantzig by Prussia, a permanent threat 
to the peace of Europe would be established, and a 
recrudes-enre of <icrman influence over the whole of 
the Vistula basin, and eventually over all eastern Europe, 
would be invited ... 
