20 
LAND & WATER 
November 2, 1916 
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(Continued from page 18) 
to-day its ancient temples and palaces are revealed and the 
road to the Sacred Bo Tree, the oldest liistorical tree in the 
world, is dii easy as tliough it lay through English counties 
But little is known about these marvellous ruins in thi 
country, and Miss Mitton, in her new work. The Lost Cittes 
of Ceylon (John .Murray, los. 6d.), has rendered good service 
in bringing the knowledge within the reach of all. 
The three most famous bf Ceylon's RoycJ' cities, aie 
Anuradhapura, i'olonnaru-wa and Sigiriya ;' the first 'is the 
oldest, and in its prime is tiiought to have covered an aiea 
almost as large as London to-day. A successful invasion from- 
the mainland led to the sack of the city Tiien the Cingalese 
kings built' themselves a new capital, Polonnaiuwa, some 
seventy miles distant, but the fate of this after a few centuries 
was the same as its predecessor. The greatest of the Cinga- 
lese Kings was Tissa, who reigned in the third century before 
Christ. To him. came from India the missionary prince, 
Mahinda, pious son oi King Asoka, and converted Tissa 
and his people to Buddhism. Mahinda's sister, who followed 
him to the island, brought with her a branch of the Bo tree 
(I'icus Religtosa), under which Buddha had sat in meditation, 
and this branch planted in the pleasure-grounds of, Kingj>i 
Tissa, three hundred years before Christ, still flourishes ..tVi i 
-Vnuradhapura, and for centuries was a favourie pilgrimage 
for devout Buddhists, thus bringing great wealth and Hign 
repute to that city. This tree continues to bo visaed by 
nuinbers of devout Buddhists who journey .from all .over;' 
the world. 
If Tissa was the David of Anuradhapura, Parakrama the 
Great, who reigned for three and thirty years in the twelfili 
century, was the Solomon of Polonnaiuwa. He made that 
city all glorious within ; his fam • was great in all lands, and 
he built a navy and carried war against his enemies on the 
Indian Continent. All these facts and many more like unto 
them are told in this volume, which, by the way, is illustrated 
with photograplis that give an excellent idea of the bcautifS 
and wonders of these lost cities. Miss Mitton, of set purpose 
writes in order to induce people to foUow in her footsteps and 
visit Anuradhapura, and the narrative is therefore at tim^- 
hampered by details which are, however, eminently useful, 
once Ceylon is reached. 
We are sorry the author did not consistently unravel the 
often voluminous and complicated names of men and 
places which are so perple.\mg to Western eye and tongue, 
but which when the English equivalent is e plain .-ti, become 
simple and easy to understand. But these are minor 
criticisms. The great thing is that the story of the deati 
capitals of Ceylon is at last told in straijitforwaid, un- 
techmcal language, and the glory of the ancient kingdom 
of Lanica is now discovered. 
Vivid Portraiture 
MR. GEORGE RUSSELL has the enviable power 
of being able to remove the sting of death wifi 
the nib of his pen. He has never used this gift 
to better effect than in Portraits of the Seventies 
(T. Fisher Unwin, 15s ) Some of these portraits are mere 
sketches, but all are alive, and part of this vitality de.ives 
from the author drawing the weaknesses as well as the 
strengths of those whom he has recalled for elderly readt^rs 
from the dead years of their youth There are many good 
stories, which at times inev tably remind one of others, not 
set down here. P"or instance, lie mentions that one ot tlie 
rare occasions when he saw Lord Hartington really animated 
was when he advocated gaming at " two towns which I 
own— Buxton and Eastbourne— both full of idle people and 
invahds. Gaming tables ar^ just what they want." This 
reminds one of that other story which a pol tical colleague 
used to tell, that the only occasion when he ever saw the 
Duke (the Duke of Devonshire as he then was) animated 
in conversation, was when wine was under discussion, and 
he declared that champagne ought always to be served in 
a stable-bucket. Mr. Russell refers to the old Duke of 
Argyll's sense of his own importance and his clinging to the 
" heritable jurisdi- tion " wliich his forefathers exercised. 
Perhaps this traditional family pride is best brought out in a 
story of one of the Duke's daughters who observed to a 
friend that she had no ear for music, " indeed, slie added, 
" she could n -ver distinguish between ' God save the Queen ' 
and ' The Campbells arc coming.' " 
While most of this portraiture gains its greatest fascination 
from carrying the reader back to forgotten days, part of it 
assumes interest from the liglit it throws on present events 
and personalities. Are the e Ministers of the present Cabinet 
who to-day think of the son in the same manner as the then 
Prime Minister thought of the father ? " When some of 
