September 20, 1917 
LAND & WATER 
17 
institutions, not western innovations, and it is a pity that they 
ever lost their former importance. But when Mr. Gokhalo 
wishes to associate with the Collector or Deputy Commissioner 
a small district council " the functions of the councils being" 
advisory to begin with," a ven>' strong opposition must be 
e.\pccted. The work of the executive branch of the Indiaa 
Civil Service is twofold, work at the secretariats and work 
in the districts- The secretariats are the " bureaucracy " 
about which many hard things have been justly said. But 
the district administration by Collectors and Deputy Com- 
missioners is onf of the finest things ever done by men of 
British blood. Personal rule is what the Indian peasant 
expects and understands. When it is exercised by a strong, 
incorruptible, able tnan who will hold the scales even between 
rival sects, the raynl is happy. All these virtues belong to 
the average British head of a district, whom the rayal 
affectionately h;uls as his ma-hap (his father and his mother). 
Half the real woesx)f India are due to interference with the 
chief magistrates of the districts by the secretariats. Why 
men who have wofked in a district should so change their 
spots when appointed to a secretariat is hard to explain. 
Vet so it is. 
On the whole there is no ireason to fear that the reforms 
which are coming will be framed in a rash or a party spirit. 
It falls to Mr. Montagu to put the final touch to them, but Mr. 
Chamberlain, before his resignation, stated ofhcially that he 
had received proposals for reform from the Indian Govern- 
ment. The present head of that Government, Lord Chelms- 
ford, has won a reputation for sturdy common sense and 
devotion to the interests of India. 
In conclusion, a few words may be said about the grant of 
army commissions to Indians. Mr. Gokhale advocated it, 
and Mr. Montagu has announced the concession. This has 
been followed by the gazetting of nine officers of the Native 
Indian Land Forces to commissions in the Indian Army. 
There arc three directions which reform might have taken in 
this matter: — (i) gazetting gentlemen who have passed 
through the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun ; (z) pro- 
moting Rissaldars and Siibadars to second lieutenants ; (3) 
permitting open competition among Indians for commissions. 
The first is a boon to the princes and nobles of India ; . the 
second would concern the yeoman class of the martjal races ; 
the third would be a concession to the educated classes. The 
authorities have rightly chosen the first alternative. 
To provide careers for the relations of the ruling princes and 
of the landlord nobles of British India, is a large problem which 
has hitherto been faced by no one except Lord Curzon. He 
instituted the Imperial Cadet Corps at which young princes 
and nobles receive an excellent all-round education and 
military trainings _ Incidentally, the cadets wear the most 
beautiful of all uniforms in the British Empire, and they form 
one of the Bodyguards of the King-Emperor. A selected 
few of the cadets have been commissioned and appear in the 
Indian Army List as the " Native Indian Land Forces," a 
body of officers without troops. They have mostly been 
employed on the staffs of (jencrals or in command of Imperial 
Service Troops, which are maintained by the Native States. 
It is a pity that it has been considered necessary to give these 
officers new commissions, instead of posting them direct 
to regiments, but presumably the step was necessar\'. For 
the future it may be hoped that the Native Indian Land 
Forces will disappear from the Army List and that the 
selected cadets from Dehra Dun will be gazetted direct to the 
Indian Army. Likewise it may be hoped that the number 
dt commissions granted will be materially increased. 
At times the suggestion has been made that the Indian 
officers of the regiments, the Rissalders and Siibadars. who 
hold commissions, but whose position is analogous to warrant 
officers in British scr\'ice, should be promoted to British rank. 
They are splendid men, brave, loyal and capable, and the 
writer knows by experience that their work on active service 
has been invaluable. But such promotions would rarely 
be wise. The Indian ofhcers have mostly come through 
the ranks. Their religion would forbid them taking part 
in Mess life, and they would hanker for the society 
of their fellows. Moreover, they are content with their 
present status and do not desire increased responsibihty. 
As for open competition, that is at present impossible. 
Recruitment takes place among specified martial races, and 
the army is organised in class platoons or class battalions. 
Platoon commanders are always of the same class as their 
men. Creed and caste are deliberately invoked to stimulate 
the martial spirit. The men will follow a British officer, and 
they will follow a Rajah -your Indian loves a lord — but they 
would not follow an Indian of a non-martial race. It is incon- 
ceivable that a Bengali Brahman should command a company 
of Pathans. 
Command of Indian troops is a matter of personal influence, 
and it must not be forgotten that the most important factor ' 
in an Indian's life is his creed or his caste. 
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