beptember 20, 1917 
LAND & WATER 
17 
institutions, not western innovations, and at is^a pity that they 
ever lost their former importance. But when Mr. (iokhale 
wishes to associate with the Collector or Deputy Commissioner 
a small district council " the functions of the councils being 
advisor\' to begin with." a very strong opposition must be 
expected. .Jhe work of the executive branch of the Indian 
Civil Sen-ice is twofold, work at the secretariats and work 
in the districts. The secretariats are the "bureaucracy" 
about which many hard things have been justly said. But 
the district administration by Collectors and Deputy Com- 
missioners is one of the fmest things ever done by men of 
British blood. Personal rule is what the Indian peasant 
expects and understands. When it is exercised by a strong, 
incorruptible, able man who will hold the scales even between 
rival sects, the ravat is happy. .Ml these virtues belong to 
the average British head of a district, whom the rayat 
affectionately hails as his ma-bap (his father and his mother). 
Half the real woes of India are due to interference with the 
chief magistrates of the districts by the secretariats. Why 
men who have worked in a district should so change their 
spots when appointed to a secretariat is hard to explain. 
Yet so it is. 
On the whole there is no reason to fear that the reforms 
which are coming will be framed in a rash or a party spirit. 
It falls to Mr. Montagu to put the final touch to them, but Mr. 
Chamberlain, before his resignation, stated officially that he 
had received proposals for reform from the Indian Govern- 
ment. The present head of that Government, Lord Chelms- 
ford, has won a reputation for sturdy common sense and 
devotion to the interests of India. 
In conclusion, a few words may be said about the grant of 
army commissions to Indians. Mr. Gokhale advocated it, 
and Mr. Montagu has announced the concession. Tliis has 
been followed by the gazetting of nine officers of the Native 
Indian Land Forces to commissions in the Indian Army. 
There are three directions which reform might have taken in 
this matter: — (i) gazetting gentlemen who have passed 
thtough the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun ; (2) pro- 
moting Rissaldars and Subadars to second lieutenants ; (3) 
permitting open competition among Indians for commissions. 
The first is a boon to the princes and nobles of India ; the 
second would concern the yeoman class of the martial races ; 
the third would be a concession to the educated classes. The 
authorities have rightly chosen the first alternative. 
To provide careers for the relations of the ruling princes and 
of the landlord nobles of British India, is a large problem which 
has hitherto been faced by no one except Lord Curzon. He 
instituted the Imperial Cadet Corps at which young princes 
and nobles receive an excellent all-round education and 
militarv- training. Incidentally, the cadets wear the most 
Ijeautitul of all uniforms in the British Empire, and they form 
one of the Bodyguards of the King-Emperor. A selected 
few of the cadets have been commissioned 'and appear in the 
Indian Armv List as the "Native Indian Land Forces," a 
body of ofticers without troops. They have mostly been 
empiloyed on the staffs of Generals or in command of iftiperjal 
Ser\^ice Troops, which, are maintained by the Native Sjtates. 
It is a pity that it has been considered necessary to give these 
officers new commissions, instead of, posting them direct 
to. regiments, but presumably the step was necessarj'. l-'or 
the future it may be hoped that the Native Indian Lanrf 
Forces will disappear from the Army List and that the 
selected cadets from Dehra Dun will be gazetted direct to the 
Indian Army. Likewise it may be hoped that the number 
of commissions granted will be materially increased. 
At times the suggestion has been made- that the Indian 
officers of the regiments, the Rissalders and Siibadars, who 
hold commissions, but whose position is analogous to warrant 
officers in British service, should be promoted to British rank. 
iThey arc splendid men, brave, loyal and ..capable, and the 
writer knows by experience that their work bn.active service 
has been invaluable. But such prornotions w.ould rarely 
l)e wise. The Indian officers have mostly come ^ through 
the ranks. Their religion would forbid them taking part 
in Mess life, and they would hanker for . t)je society . 
of t heir fellows. Moreover, they arc cpntent, vyith, their 
present status and do not desire increased respon^iDility. ,' , 
As for open competition, that, is at , present inipossibfe., 
Recruitment takes place among sjiecificd'jjjartial races, .a?jd 
the army is organised in class,. ^)J,^toon> 6r pjass ,^)attjilig^, . 
Platoon commanders are always,, , (pjt tnc'^sam^ clas^ as \h^}t 
men. Creed and caste are dolibcnitely,i]\ivQ^ed t<j, stimulate., 
the martial spirit. The men v\ ill follow ^a. ^ritish iq^cer, and 
they will follow a Rajah— your In4^an Iciyes a lor'clyjbjut tijey 
woukl not follow an Indian of a non-martial r^ce,, It.is;inco):i- 
ceivable that a Bengali Brahfnan shoujid (jgi^mand a conva^iy 
of Pathans. ,., ,j ^ '"..,,,.[ '-,.,: 
Command of Indian troops is a matf,er of personal influence, 
and it must not be forgotten that the n^ost. im,p<)rtant factor 
in an Indian's life is his creed or his caste. 
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