3° 
Land & Water 
May 2, 1918 
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American Text-books 
By J. C. Squire 
THE American school text-books are being revised. 
They need it badly. So do most historical text- 
books. They are usually lop-sided ; they usually 
give the impression that no question has more than 
one side to it ; and their authors go on copying each 
others mistakes for generations. But the American books 
have almost all had one defect which has led to serious 
practical results. To them can in part be traced the mis- 
understanding of this country which has always been so 
common in America. Their chief defect has been the baldness 
of their accounts of England's policy before and during the 
war of Independence. The struggle has been too crudely 
presented as a struggle between a tyrannical England and a 
population of freedom-loving colonists who never would be 
slaves. There is truth in that conception ; but not the whole 
truth. The whole truth would include the fact that a large 
part of the British nation was hostile to the war, and that that 
hostility was shared by most of the wiser and most eminent 
English political thinkers of the day. The British Government 
which waged that' war was a collection of nobodies, headed by 
a nobody, inspired by a pig-headed king, and supported by 
place-men, pedaijts and unimaginativd adherents of the 
throne. It is utterly misleading hot to paint the other side 
of the picture ; but the one side has been so emphasised that 
until recently Americans were to be found who not merely 
did not realise that, save for a series of unfortunate chances 
we might never have acted as we' did, but who imagined that 
in their heart of hearts Englishmen still regret that the cause 
of independence was won. We may and do regret that 
America was ever forced out of the Empire ; but our his- 
torians, including those who write for schools, are as emphatic 
about the fatuity of the Government which drove them out. 
as the Americans themselves are. 
It was a modem Englishman who invented the phrase that 
the American revolt was " the revolt of an English gentleman 
against a German king." But there were plenty of Enghsh- 
men in the seventeen-seventies who took the same view. 
There were exceptions amongst the great. Gibbon, who 
was not cut out for active politics, was a complacent, if 
dumb, supporter of the North Ministry, and Dr. Johnson 
wrote a tract Taxation no Tyranny which fortified the English 
extremists in their worst courses. In Johnson's defence, it 
may be urged that the thing that chiefly stuck in his gullet 
was that the colonists, though demanding liberty for them- 
selves, continued to own slaves. The attitude of the ordinary 
thinking Englishman, however, was far different. Blake was 
an eccentric and phrased things peculiarly. Speaking of the 
repositories of British authority in America, he wrote : 
at the feet of Washington down fall'n 
They grovel in the sand, and trembling lie, while all 
The British soldiers through the Thirteen States sent up 
a howl. 
This, if the Army had read Blake, might well have been 
disclaimed. A far more typical utterance is that of Horace 
Walpole, a representative of the Whig tradition at its purest. 
He was writing (1779) to Lady Ossory on the occasion of 
Keppefs acquittal when crowds had demonstrated in the 
streets : 
I am not fond of mobs, madam, though I like the occasion 
and can but compare the feel I had from them, with what 
I should suffer were the illuminations for the conquest of 
America. After putting out these lights, we should have 
heard : 
And then put out the light : 
Liberty has still a continent to exist in." 
Such observations can be found up and down almost, every 
volume of private papers that has reached us. But, above 
all, in common fairness to what England then was, Americans 
should be famihar with the speeches on their behalf made by 
the three greatest political orators of that age — Burke, Fox, 
and Chatham. 
****** 
Even in this country those speeches are not as famiUar as 
they /might be. Burke's great oration of March 22nd, 1775, 
pleading for conciliation, is the finest in argument and temper 
that he ever made, though not equalling in splendour of lan- 
guage the great East Indian speech. He seized, once and for 
all, in passages which men may still benefit by reading, the 
elements of national self-consciousness. He showed that the 
spirit in which the Colonists were fighting was the most 
English thing about them, and that to oppose them was to 
{Conlinuti on poft 8S) 
