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Land & Water 
June 13, 19 1 8 
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on liis keyboard, he would liave to be an expert to deciplier 
it, and even he could do it only after a good deal of work. 
Another ingenious cipher is called the "Chess Board." 
First, a sheet of paper is ruled into squares exactly like a 
chess board— that is, a square divided into eighths each way. 
This arrangement gives, of course, sixty-four small squares. 
Then, by agreement between the people who intend to use 
this cipher, sixteen of these squares are agreed upon and are 
cut out of the sheet with a knife. Suppose the pattern on 
diagram at foot of preceding page is chosen, and the squares 
in white are cut out. Another sheet of paper is ruled into 
a chess board, of exactly the same size as the first. The perfor- 
ated sheet is now laid on top of the second sheet, so that the 
squares on the one exactly cover the squares on the other. 
Now, with a pen or pencil, the plain text of the secret 
message is printed on the under sheet by writing through 
the perforations of the upper sheet, only one letter being 
written in each square. This, of course, permits the writing of 
sixteen letters of the message. Suppose the complete 
message is to be : 
"Authorize payment ten million dollars to buy 
copper for shipment to Germany." 
Then the lower sheet, after we have written through the 
perforations, will look like Diagram A, at the head of the 
page. The perforated sheet is now turned to the right through 
one-fourth of a complete revolution, so that the top of it is 
at the right side of the lower sheet and so that the two chess 
boards again "match up." This operation exposes, through 
■the perforations, a new set of sixteen open squares on the 
lower sheet. The writing of the message is continued, and 
the lower sheet now looks like B. Again the perforated 
sheet is turned to the right, and sixteen more letters are 
written. Once more, and the whole four squares are utilised, 
looking hke C. These letters are now put upright, like on the 
accompanying diagram, and are read from left to right and 
from the first hue 
down, Hke ordinary 
reading matter. 
They arc the^n 
grouped into fives 
for telegraphic 
transmission, and 
an Jf added at the 
end to make an 
even five-group 
there. Thus the 
message, as trans- 
mitted, reads : 
SADUL RRYAL 
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IRNEI 
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PGOMC 
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EBOOM NRNOT TESTX 
When this message is received, it can, of course, be quickly 
deciphered by printing it out on a chess board and placing 
over it a sheet perforated according to the pre-arranged 
pattern. 
This survey of codes and ciphers does not more than 
scratch the surface of the subject, and suggest the almost 
infinite variations that are possible— in ciphers especially. It 
simply gives a groundwork for an understanding of the 
German secret messages to be described. 
.\mong the most interesting of these secret messages is 
the series of wireless telegrams by means of which the German 
money was paid to Bolo Pasha for the purchase of the Paris 
Journal— one of the principal episodes in the treasonable 
intrigue for which Bolo >vas recently executed by a French 
firing squad. These messages were in English, and meant 
exactly what they said, except for the proper names and the 
figures, which were code. To decode them it was necessary 
only to- make the following substitutions : 
William Foxley = Foreign Office 
Charles Gledhill = Count BernstorfiE 
Fred Hooven =^. Guaranty Trust Company (New Ywk) 
$500 =r $500,000 
and to all other figures add three ciphers to arrive at the 
real amount. For example, one of these messages read : 
"Paid Charles Gledhill five hundred dollars through Fred 
Hooven." This meant : "Paid Count Bernstorff five hundred 
thousand dollars through Guaranty Trust Company." 
The story of these messages is briefly this : Marie Paul 
Bolo started life as a barber, became an adventurer, and, in 
the service of the Khedive of Egypt, received the title of 
Pasha for a financial service which he rendered him. Re- 
turning to France as Bolo Pasha, he married two wealthy 
women and lived in grand style on their money. He became 
an intimate of Charles Humbert, who was a member of 
the French Senate. In the meantime, the Khedive had 
been deposed by the British on account of his pro- Turkish 
(and hence pro-German) activities after the great war 
began. Abbas Hilmi joined the colony of ex- rulers in 
Switzerland, and there became a part of the German system 
of intrigue. He received money from the Germans," and, 
after he had deducted his share (whicli sometimes amounted 
to half the total), he paid over the rest to Bolo, to be used by 
Bolo, and also, it is alleged, by Humbert, and the ex- Premier 
Caillaux, in an effort to restore Caillqiux to power, and then 
to further the propaganda for an early and inconclusive 
peace with Germany. 
Either this method of supplying the French traitdr with 
funds became too dangerous, or the Germans preferred to 
keep their gold and wished to use their credit in the United 
States to get American gold for this purpose. In any event, 
Bolo Pasha appeared in New York eariy in March, igio! 
Strangely enough, this French subject bore letters of intro- 
duction to several Germans. The most important was 
addressed to Adolf Pavenstedt, who was senior partner in 
G. Amsinck & Company and for many years a chief pay- 
master of the German Spy System in this country. Through 
Pavenstedt, Bolo met Hugo Schmidt, a director of the 
Deutsche Bank of Berlin, a Government institution, who 
had been sent to this country soon after the war broke out 
to provide complete co-operation between the older representa- 
tives of the Deutsche Bank here and the management in Berhn. 
Through Pavenstedt as messenger, Bolo also got in touch 
with Bernstorff, and arranged the final details of the plan by 
which Bolo was to receive 10 million francs from the German 
Government. He was to use this money to buy the Paris 
Journal. As the Journal is one of the most powerful 
dailies in France, with over a million and a half readers 
the sinister possibilities of this scheme are readily seen 
Bernstorff committed the financial details to Hugo Schmidt 
He, m turn, "wirelessed" Beriin for suitable credits in 
Amencan banking houses. These were arranged with the 
Guaranty Trust Company and the Narional Park Bank— 
for many years American correspondents of the Deutsche 
Bank. These credits were then credited to G. Amsinck and 
Company, of which Pavenstedt had long been senior partner. 
He, in turn placed them, with the New York branch of the 
Royal Bank of Canada, to the account of Bolo Pasha. As 
the exchange rate at the time ran in favour of American 
dol ars and against French francs, the 10 million francs (nor- 
mally about 2 million dollars-£4oo,ooo) which Bolo got, 
required only $1,683,500 of American money (say, £336,700) 
-which IS J list the sum of the amounts named in the wireless 
messages 1 he Journal was actually bought by Bolo, but before 
he could do much damage with it he was arrested, tried, 
convicted, and executed. 
{To be continued.) 
