10 
LAND 6s? WATER 
October 10, 1918 
The Gallipoli Campaign 
By HENRY MORGENTHAU 
German Desiens and Turkish Execution 
'/GERMAN " slimness" is well exemplified in this part of Mr. Morgenthau's story, which tells how 
vJ" Watigenheim, the German A mbassador, furthered the scheme for placing hostages at Gallipoli, yet tried tOy 
claim credit for Mr. Morgenthau's efforts to save these hostages from exposure to Allied and Turkish guns. 
WANGENHEIM'S use of the words "concen- 
tration camps in Gallipoli " showed that the 
German view was at last prevailing and that 
I was losing my battle for the oreigner;. 
An internment camp is a distressing place under 
the most favourable circumstances ; but who, except a 
German or a Turk, ever cone ived of establishing one right 
in the field of battle ? Let us suppose that the English 
and the French should assemble all their enemy aliens, 
march them to the front, and place them in a camp in No 
Man's Land, directly in the fire of both armies. That was 
precisely the kind of a "concentration camp" which the 
Turks and Germans now intended to establish for the resident 
aliens of Constantinople — for my talk with Wangenheim 
left no doubt in my mind that the Germans were parties to 
the plot. 
My talk with Wangenheim produced no results; so far as 
enlisting hs support was conerned, but it stiffened my 
determination : o defeat ihi^ enterprise. I now called upon 
Pallav.c ni, the Austrian Ambassador. He at once declared 
that the proposed deportation was "inhuman." 
"I will take up the matter with the Grand Vizier," he 
sad, "and see if I can stop it." 
"But you know that is perfectly useless," I answered. 
"The Grand Vizier has no power — -he is only a figure-head. 
Only one man can stop this ; that is Enver." 
Pallavicini had far finer sensibilities and a tenderer con- 
science than Wangenheim, and I had no doubt that he was 
entirely sincere in his desire to prevent this crime. 
"I must go strictly according to rules in this matter," 
he said. And, in the goodness of his heart, he did speak to 
Said Halim. Following this example, Wangenheim also 
spoke to the Grand Vizier. In Wangenheim's case, however, 
the protest was^merely intended^for the official record. 
Bulgarian Aid 
However, there was one member of the diplomatic corps 
who worked wholeheartedly on behalf of the threatened 
foreigners. This was M. KolouchefT, the Bulgarian Minister. 
As soon as he heard of this latest Turco-German outrage, he 
immediately came to me with offers of assistance. He did 
not propose to waste his time by a protest to the Grand 
Vizier, but announced his intention of going immediately 
to the source of authority — Enver himself. Koloucheff was 
an extremely important man at that particular time, for 
Bulgaria was then neutral, and both sides were angling for 
her support. 
Meanwhile, Bedri and his minions were busy arresting all 
the doomed English and French. The deportation was 
arranged to take place on Thursday morning. On Wednes- 
day the excitement reached the hysterical stage. The nervous 
tension was frightful ; I seized the telephone, called up 
Enver, and demanded an interview. . 
He replied that he would be happy to receive me on 
Thursday. By this time, however, the prisoners would 
already have been on their way to Gallipoli. 
"No," I replied; "I must see you this afternoon." 
Enver made all kinds of excuses ; he was busy ; he had 
appointments scheduled for the whole da}'. 
" I presume you want to s e me about the English and 
French," he said. "If that is so, I can tell you now that it 
will be useless. Our minds are made up. Orders have been 
issued to the police to gather them all by to-night and to 
ship them down to-morrow morning." 
I still insisted that I must see him that afternoon, and 
he still attempted to dodge the interview. 
" My time is all taken," he said. "The Council of Ministers 
sits at four o'clock, and the meeting is to be a very important 
one. I cannot absent myself." 
Emboldened by the thought of the crowds of women that 
were flooding the whole Embassy, I decided on an altogether 
unprecedented move. 
"I shall not be denied an interview," I replied. "I shall 
come up to the cabinet-room at four o'clock. If you refuse 
to receive me then, I shall insist on going into the council- 
room and discussing the matter with the whole cabinet. 
I shall be interested to learn whether the Turkish Cabinet 
will refuse to receive the American Ambassador." 
It seemed to me that I could almost hear Enver gasp 
over the telephone. I presiime few responsible ministers of 
any country have ever had such an astounding proposition 
made to them. *■ 
"If you will meet me at the Sublime Porte at 3.30," he 
answered, after a considerable pause, "I shall arrange to 
see you." 
When I reached the Sublime Porte I was told that the 
Bulgarian Minister was having a protracted conference with 
Enver. Naturally I was willing to wait, for I knew what 
the two men were discussing. Presently M. Koloucheff 
came out ; his face was tense and anxious, clearly revealing 
the ordeal through which he had just passed. 
"•It is perfectly hopeless," he said to me. "Nothing will 
move Enver : he is absolutely determined that this thing 
shaH go through. I cannot wish you good luck, for you 
will have none." 
The meeting which followed between Enver and myself 
was the most momentous I had had up to that time. We 
discussed the fate of the foreigners for nearly an hour. I 
found Enver in one of his most polite but most unyielding 
moods. He told me before I began that it was useless to 
talk — that the matter was a closed issue. But I insisted 
on telling him what a splendid impression Turkey's treatment 
of her enemies had made on the outside world. "Your 
record in this matter is better than that of any other belli- 
gerent country," I said. "You have not put them into 
concentration camps, you have let them stay here and con- 
tinue their ordinary business, just as before. You have 
done this in spite of strong pressure to act otherwise. Why 
do you destroy all the good effect this has produced by now 
making such a fatal mistake as you propose ? " 
But Enver insisted that the Allied fleets were bombarding 
unfortified towns, killing women, children, and wounded men. 
"We have warned them through you that they must not 
do this," he said; "but they do not stop." 
This statement, of course, was not true ; but I could not 
persuade Enver that he was wrong. He expressed great 
appreciation for all that I had done, and regretted for my 
sake that he could not accept my advice. I told him that 
the foreigners had suggested that I threaten to give up the 
care of British and French interests. 
"Nothing wt»uld suit us better," he quickly repHed "The 
only difficulty we have with you is when you come around 
and bother us with English and French affairs." 
I asked him if I had ever given him any advice that had 
led them into trouble. He graciously replied that they had 
never yet made a mistake by following my suggestions. 
"Very well ; take my advice in this case, too," I replied. 
"You will find later that you have made 'no mistake by 
doing so. I tell you that it is my positive opinion that j-our 
cabinet is committing a terrible error by taking this step." 
"But I have given orders to this effect," Enver answered. 
"I cannot countermand them. If I did, my whole influence 
with the Army would go. Once ha\'ing given an order, 
I never change it. My own wife asked me to have her ser- 
vants exempted from military service, and I refused. ' The 
Grand Vizier asked exemption for his secretary, and I refused 
him, because I had given orders. I never revoke orders, 
and I shall not do it in this case. If you can show m^ some 
way in which this order can be carried out and your protegfo 
still saved, I shall be glad to listen." 
I had already discovered one of the most conspicuous 
traits in the Turkish chai-acter ; its tendency to compromise 
and to bargain. Enver's request for a suggestion now gave 
me an opportunity to play on this characteristic. 
"All right," I. said. "I think I can. I should think you 
could still carry out your orders without sending all the 
French and English residents down. If you would only send 
