November 28, 1918 
LAND 6? WATER 
LAND&WATER 
5 Chancery Lane, London, JV.C.z. Ttl. Hdbtm 28*8 
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 191 8 
Contents 
The Bully Retires (Cartoon) . . Raemaekers 
Leading Articles 
The Recovery of Europe — IT . . Hilaire Belloc 
Naval Terms of the Armistice Arthur Pollen 
The Armistice: ASoldier'sLetter A Soldier 
The Great Surrender 
The Tanks . . 
PAGE 
I 
3 
4 
6 
9 
lO-II 
Major-General E. D. 
Swinton,C.B.,D.S.0.i2 
The Armenian Massacres 
, . 
H. Morgenthau 
14 
Colonel Alderson's Revenge .'. 
Douglas Jerrold 
16 
A Subject 
J. C. Squire 
18 
On the Making of New 
Style 
Motor Cars 
H. Massac Buist 
iq 
The Theatre: 
W. J. Turner 
20 
The Reader's Diary 
. , 
Peter Bell 
21 
Maritime Prize of War . 
E. S. Roscoe 
22 
Making Good 
Hartley Withers 
24 
Household Notes . . 
26 
Notes on Kit 
28 
The Armistice Terms 
HALF the time allotted to the Germans by the 
armistice has elapsed, and considerable progress 
has been made since last we wrote with the 
fulfilment of the armistice terms. Alsace- 
Lorraine is now irrecoverably French, and 
Metz and Strasbourg are draped in the tricolour. King 
.\lbert has entered Brussels, and the Allied line from north 
to south moves steadily towards the Rhine. The great 
surrender of the Germcin Navy has -been made, the toll of 
submarines — rather inexplicably slowly— is being gradually 
levied, and Germany is now a third-rate naval Power. What 
proportion of the five thousand guns and the five thousand 
locomotives has yet been \'ielded w.e do not know, but we 
hear of the Germans in some places leaving behind even 
more stuff than we bargained for. There is every reason 
to suppose that by the time the five weeks have elapsed the 
whole contract will have been fulfilled. The terms may 
not have been carried out to the utmost exactitude, but the 
approximation will be near enough to guarantee Germany's 
helplessness. The French provinces will have gone, the 
occupied territories will have been cleared of the enemy, 
and Germany, shorn of the greater part of her fighting 
strength, will be at the disposal of Allied justice. Her 
power of aggression will have gone once and for all. Her 
weapons now are not the menacing mailed fist, but 
appeals to mercy, plausible arguments, and in the 
last resort the threat of a desperate last resistance on her 
own soil should we persist in what she calls intolerable 
demands. She is not really in a position to fight again ; but 
we are bound to hold ourselves ready for an attempt to 
trade on our war-weariness in this way in order to get some 
modification of terms. 
The Terms for Germany 
No modification is possible. H our terms are based, as 
they are, on justice, they cannot be changed without injustice. 
Our terms for Germany are in their general outlines simple, 
though conditions may necessitate their being supplemented 
with extra precautionary measures. She has to cede Alsace- 
Lorraine unconditionally, she must give up (and this to all 
Germany will be the bitterest pill of all) Prussian Poland 
and give the Poles access to the sea, she must surrender all 
claim on her colonies, and she must make full reparation for 
the damage she has done to civilian life and property in 
France and in Belgium, by sea and by land. Her fine will 
come to thousands of millions. She will say she cannot 
pay it. But we, not Germany, will be the judges of that, 
and, up to the limit of her paying capacity, no compromise 
is possible. For if she does not pay it, who will ? The 
French ? The British ? The Belgians ? The Chinese ? 
We have no patience with those sentimentalists who are 
already saying "let bygones be bvgones," and interpreting 
the maxim as implying that it is the business of the Allies 
to make good the havoc wantonly caused by our enemies. 
Republican or monarchist, democratic or autocratic, militarist 
or pacifist, unregenerate or repentant, the German people 
has got to make amends. A vigilant watch must be kept 
'for any tendency to prune down what we are asking for ; 
and are entitled to insist, as the Germans did in 187 1, that 
our terms shall be ratified by a National Assembly elected 
on the widest possible basis, in order that the strongest 
possible authority shall be given to the national surrender 
and the whole people made parties to it. Meanwhile, 
we cannot honestly say that there are manj- signs of 
an inclination to resist in Germany. They are fighting 
Bolshevism, they are discussing whether they shall break up 
or remain a confederation. But, save the Count Reventlows 
and such persons, they do not seem to be devoting much 
thought to Germany's future as a fighting Power. They 
seem, on the other hand, precipitately anxious to curry 
favour with us and to demonstrate that had they only known 
how bad their cause was, they would never have fought 
us. The documents published after four and a half years, 
in. Bavaria, prove up to the hilt the guilt of the Kaiser 
and his gang. 
The Future of the Air 
The full report of the committee appointed by the Govern- 
ment to consider the peace-time possibilities of aerial naviga- 
tion is not yet available, but a summary has been published 
which gives all the important facts. The conclusions are 
highly interesting, but too numerous to be more than glanced 
at here. It is, it seems, agreed that aeroplanes are not 
likely to rival trains as carriers of heavy goods. Their 
commercial future lies in their usefulness : (i) simply for 
emergency transport, (2) as mail carriers, (3) for rapid 
passenger traffic. India will be only two days off; and in 
some cases even the telegraphs will have serious rivals. The 
primary need is not so much machines as aerodromes and 
landing-stages. Very great expenditure will be necessary 
before we have provided on the most promising routes 
facilities for paying services. The prevalent opinion seems 
to be against a State monopoly of air-traffic, (the risks involved 
being too heavy. Those risks, in the early stages, will cer- 
tainly be great. Aircraft manufacture may boom, but we 
may expect for some time to have to record the failure of 
transport enterprises prematurely ambitious. A question of 
enormous difficulty is that of the ownership of the air. There 
is an old maxim that the landlord owns the soil down to hell 
(where his boundaries dwindle to a point which has no 
magnitude) and the air up to heaven. As against this, the 
Germans have maintained that there is a territorial three- 
mile limit in the air above which the "freedom of the air" 
is unqualified. Neither doctrine is acceptable ; the fir.st 
would mean absurd restrictions and private actions for 
trespass, the second would be intolerable from a national 
point of view. The State will have to have unqualified 
supremacy over its own airways, and its exercise will have 
to be defined by international agreement. Points were 
discussed (such as responsibility for damage done to poultry 
by aeroplanes falling after collisions for which their pilots 
were not responsible) which suggest that an enormous volume 
of new legal puzzles are likely to arise. It is very difficult 
to move in this world without providing more work for the 
lawyers, and the sooner we get to work with the exactest 
possible definition of aerial rights and responsibilities the 
better. 
