WEIGHTS, MEASURES 
MEASURE OF LENGTH 
4 In. = 1 Hand. 
7.92 In. = 1 Link. 
18 In. = 1 Cubit. 
12 In. = 1 Foot. 
6 Feet = 1 Fathom. 
3 Feet = 1 Yard. 
5l4 Yds. = 1 Rod or Pole. 
40 Poles = 1 Furlong. 
8 Fur. = 1 Mile. 
6914 Miles = 1 Degree. 
60 Geographic Miles = | Degree. 
1760 Yards or 5280 Feet = 1 Mile. 
MEASURE OF SURFACE 
144 Sq. Inches = 1 Sq. Foot. 
9 Sq. Feet = 1 Sq. Yard. 
3014 Sq. Yards = 1 Sq. Rod, Perch or Pole. 
40 Sq. Rods = 1 Sq. Rood. 
4 Sq. Roods = 1 Sq. Acre. 
Gunter’s Chain = 22 Yards or 100 Links. 
10 Sq. Chains = 1 Acre. 
640 Acres = 1 Sq. Mile. 
27214 Sq. Ft. = 1 Sq. Rod. 
43,560 Sq. Ft. = 1 Acre. 
MEASURE OF SOLIDITY 
1,728 Cubic Inches =1 Cubic Foot. 
27 Cubic Feet =1 Cubie Yard. 
TROY WEIGHT 
24 Grains = 1 Pennyweight. 
20 Pennywts. = 1 Ounce, or 480 Grains. 
12 Ounces = 1 Pound, or 5,760 Grains. 
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 
27 11-32 Grains = 1 Drachm (dr.). 
16 Drachms = 1 Ounce (0z.) or 487% Grs. 
16 Ounces = 1 Pound (lb.) or 7,000 Grs. 
28 Pounds = 1 Quarter (aqr.). 
4 Quarters = 1 Hundred-Weight (cwt.). 
20 Cwt. = 1 Ton. 
2,240 Pounds = 1 Ton (long). 
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT 
20 Grains = 1 Scruple. 
3 Scruples = 1 Drachm. 
8 Drachms = 1 Ounce. 
12 Ounces = 1 Pound. 
DIAMOND WEIGHT 
16 Parts = 1 Grain. (4-5ths Grain Troy.) 
4 Grains = 1 Carat. (8 1-5th Grains Troy.) 
LIQUID MEASURE 
4 Gills = 1 Pint. 
2 Pints = 1 Quart. 
4 Quarts = 1 Gallon. 
311% Gallons = 1 Barrel. 
54 Gallons = 1 Hogshead. 
252 Gallons = 1 Tun. 
AND CALCULATIONS 
DRY MEASURE 
8 Quarts = 1 Peck. 
4 Pecks = 1 Bushel. 
8 Bushels = 1 Quarter. 
36 Bushels = 1 Chaldron. 
1 Bushel = 2,150.42 Cubic In. 
READY MADE CALCULATIONS 
196 lbs. flour make | bbl. 
200 lbs. beef or pork = 1 bbl. 
135 Ibs. potatoes make 1 bbl. 
135 lbs. apples make 1 bbl. 
280 Ibs. salt make 1 bbl. 
350 Ibs. sugar make 1 bbl. 
100 lbs. nails make | keg. 
2150.42 cu. in. make 1 bu. 
5,280 ft. make 1 mile. 
1 gal. water weighs 814 lbs. and contains 231 
Cubie In. 
1 gal. milk weighs about 8% Ibs. 
1 gal. kerosene weighs about 61% lbs. 
1 cu. ft. of water weighs about 621% lbs. 
lg in. equals 1 size in measuring boots and 
shoes. 
4 in. equals 1 hand in measuring horses. 
1 link equals. 7.92 in. 
1 rod equals 25 links, 161% feet. 
1 chain equals 4 rods, 66 feet. 
1 mile equals 80 chains, 5,280 feet. 
To find diameter of a circle multiply circum- 
ference by .31831. 
Tc find circumference of a circle multiply 
diameter by 3.1416. 
To find area of a circle multiply square of 
diameter by .7854. 
To find surface of a ball multiply square of 
diameter by 3.1416. 
To find cubic inches in a ball multiply cube 
of diameter by .5236. ~ 
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases 
its capacity four times. 
Double riveting is from 16 to 20 per cent 
stronger than single. 
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs 
about 53 pounds. 
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs 
from 47 to 50 pounds. 
One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of 
wood for steam purposes. 
There are nine square feet of heating surface 
to each square foot of grate surface. 
A cubic foot of water contains 74% gallons, 
1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62% lbs. 
Each nominal horse power of a boiler re- 
quires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour. 
A horse power is equivalent to raising 33,000 
Ibs. one foot per minute, or 550 lbs. one 
foot per second. 
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