JUNE 16, 1906.] 
FOREST AND ST-REAM. 
935! 

_ substance of the cabbage leaf, eating more vor- 
aciously as it grows larger and casting its skin, 
or moulting, at occasional intervals. After sev- 
eral weeks it becomes full grown in this cater- 
pillar state and changes to a pupa or chrysalis, 
within which the body is transformed in a most 
wonderful way into a butterfly that emerges about 
two weeks iater to continue the cycle of insect 
existence. 
An insect which undergoes so definite a series 
of changes as these is said to have complete trans- 
formations, to distinguish them from the great 
group of insects, of which the grasshoppers and 
crickets are typical illustrations, in which the life 
changes are not so definitely marked, and which 
in consequence, are said to have incomplete trans- 
formations. 
The eggs of most of our grasshoppers or 
locusts are deposited late in summer or early in 
autumn in the ground. The insects generally 
choose for this purpose rather firm soil, such as 
that found along roadsides or in upland pastures. 
By means of the projections from the end of the 
abdomen, the female locust works her abdomen 
into the ground, where she leaves a mass of eggs, 
the number varying with the species, but there 
usually being several dozen. The eggs are de- 
veloped in a peculiar mucus that hardens into 
a protective covering which shields the eggs from 
the wetness of the soil. Some species lay their 
eggs in rotten wood or in the crevices of fence 
posts instead of in the soil. 
The individual eggs are small yellowish ob- 
jects much longer than wide, generally slightly 
curved in the middle. In the case of most of 
our species they remain unhatched until rather 
late the following spring, when the little grass- 
hoppers emerge and feed upon the tender foliage 
about them. After several days have passed, 











The Calorina Locust or Grasshopper. 
each has so increased in size that it is too large 
for the skin with which it came into the world, 
so this skin splits open along the back and the 
little hoppers crawl out of it, having previously 
developed a new skin beneath the old one. Dur- 
ing the next few weeks this moulting process is 
repeated four times, wing pads appearing the 
fourth time. Then a little later. a final moult 
takes place and the insect becomes a full-fledged 
grasshopper. 
In the case of these insects the young hoppers 
bear a general resemblance to the adults, al- 
though they are smaller and have no wings. They 
also remain active and feed during the stage im- 
mediately preceding the adult. Thus the grass- 
hoppers differ greatly from the butterflies, 
in which the early stages are not at all 
like the adult condition, and in which 
there is a quiet pupa or chrysalis stage, 
in which the insect is motionless and takes 
no food. 
If you examine a grasshopper carefully 
one of the first things you notice is that 
the body is divided into three divisions. 
At the front end is the head; just back of 
Be it are two parts bearing the legs and wings 
Se 

The Cabbage Butterfly: a, larva; b, chrysalis; ¢, male butterfly ;, 
d, female butterfly. 
together forming the thorax; back of the thorax 
is a part divided into rings—this is the abdomen. 
The head varies considerably in shape with 
different species of grasshoppers, but in general 
it is larger above than below. From near the 
middle of the front side project two slender 
feelers or antennz, each of which is composed of 
a number of distinct rings or segments joined 
together. Just above the base of each antenna 
is a large compound eye, the surface of which 
when seen by the unaided eye seems smooth and 
shining, but which, under moderate magnification, 
is seen to resemble the surface of a honeycomb, 
it having a great number of hexagonal divisions— 
these are the facets of the compound eyes. 
The simple eyes, of which there are three on 
the grasshopper’s head—two between the com- 
pound eyes and one aboye—are very different 
in structure, being merely small, round, lens-like 
objects. 
On the lower side of the head are situated 
the mouth-parts of the grasshopper. Beginning 
from above, we first see a large, four-sided flap or 
lip which moves up and down on a basal hinge— 
this is the upper lip. Immediately below it there 
is a pair of rather large jaws or mandibles, 
attached at the base so as to move sideways, and 
having irregular teeth on their outer ends. On 
the inside of the mouth between the mandibles, 
the tongue may be seen. Below this the second 
jaws may be seen; still lower is the under lip. 
Directly back of the head there is a large 
cape-like segment, bearing no wings, but having 
a pair of legs on its lower side. This is the first 
division of the thorax—it is called the prothorax. 
The remainder of the thorax is made up of two 
divisions united to each other. 
The front pair of wings are long and slender 
and serve as a protective covering to the hind 
pair when at rest. The latter are then folded 
in longitudinal plaits like a fan. When the 
grasshopper is flying, the front wings are ex- 
tended at right angles to the body, and the 
hind wings are stretched out. 
The abdomen is composed of a number of joints 
or segments, which move freely at their points 
of contact. In female specimens the abdomen 
ends in four pointed projections, by means of 
which the hole in the ground for the eggs is 
made—these form the ovipositor or egg-depositor. 

Scorpion—Photo by R. H. Verrill. 
