
AUG. 31, 1907.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
331 

feet to spare. His tail and legs were beauti- 
fully “feathered,” the had 
become lemon, and the frill on his breast was 
yellow markings 
three inches long. He snuggled up to his 
mistress, and she caught hold of his. collar. 
As she did so the sheriff touched her on the 
shoulder The 
motion and his back bristled. 
with his whip. dog saw the 
His lips went 
back, showing the white tusks, and he gave 
vent to a deep growl. 
“I imagine you feel perfectly safe with that 
round the house,” 
dog remarked the judge. 
“T know that I shouldn’t care to trouble you.” 
Mrs. Armstrong replied that she felt per- 
fectly safe as long as Fool, was within call. 
“What did she call the dog?” asked the judge, 
as he and the sheriff drove away. 
“She calls him ‘Fool’ replied the sheriff. “It’s 
a case where a dog has had a bad name given 
to him and he hasn’t been hanged.” 
“T differ from you there,” replied the judge. 
It is clearly a-case of Lucus a non lucendo.” 

Indian Words in Common Use. 
Made of Leather. 
(Concluded from page ?W'.) 
A writer on “The Present State of Virginia,” 
in 1724, calls moccasins “leather purses for the 
feet,’ and anyone who is familiar with the pur- 
ple lady that beautiful orchid of the 
woods of early June (Cypripedium acaule) will 
recogiize how characteristic the name moccasin 
slipper, 
flower is for this plant and how just was Jones 
in characterizing the moccasin as the leather 
purse. 
The term moccasin is also applied to a ven- 
omous snake, though for what reason it would 
be perhaps difficult to say. 
Shelters. 
Tipt—A common western term for tent, shel- 
ter or dwelling. Often it is spelled teepee. It 
The 
This was 
may also mean camp or house or home. 
word is Dakota and means a lodge. 
the ordinary shelter or home of the Indian of 
the middle. west and of the plains when. they 
were journeying, and were absent from their 
permanent homes. 
The lodge was conical in form and was fifteen 
or twenty feet high, with an opening at the 
apex for the escape of the smoke. It was sup- 
ported by a dozen or twenty large poles, the 
butts of which stood on the ground in the form 
of a wide ellipse rather than of a circle. On the 
plains the covering of the lodge was usually of 
dressed buffalo hides sewed together and fitting 
neatly over the poles. In the mountains of the 
west the skins of elk were used for lodge cover- 
ings, while in the wooded country of the northern 
Mississippi Valley the covering was of long rolls 
of birch bark which passed round. the poles, the 
roll at the bottom being of course the longest, 
and the other rolls decreasing in length toward 
the top, each roll above overlapping the upper 
border of the one below. On the plains, the lodge 
covering was provided: with movable wings or 
ears which could be shifted with the change of 
the wind so as to insure good draft for the fire 
which was built in the center of the lodge under 
the smoke hole. Certain tribes on the plains oc- 
cupied up to recent times permanent earth lodges 
and there is some reason to’ believe that in old 
times many tribes that havé given up such per- 
manent houses occupied them. Properly tipi is 
applied only to movable lodges 
In Forest AND STREAM of Feb. 2, 1907, ap- 
peared a series of photographs taken by Mr. J. 
J. White, Jr., which show a “Cheyenne woman 
setting up a lodge,’ and give an admirable idea 
of the tipi, its construction and its manner of 
erection. 
Wickiurp.—A 
small 
common western term: for a 
oval shelter formed of willow branches 
thrust into the ground at their larger ends and 
bent over to meet other similar branches on the 
other side, when the two ends are tied together. 
This 
skins, mats or 
makes a birdcage-like frame over which 
be thrown as a pro- 
The 
of the middle west used formerly, and some of 
canvas may 
tection from the weather. Algonquin tribes 
them still use, houses of this description, but the 
further west and is be- 
The 
the ordinary sweat lodge of western Indians, but 
term comes from much 
lieved to be Shoshoni. shelter resembles 
may be much larger. 
WIGWAM was an eastern word very nearly the 
équivalent of house or dwelling place. It was 
formerly commonly employed, but is now pass- 
The word is week 
ing out of use. Eichemin 
qwahm, a house.- It was often conical or shaped 
like the Indian lodge or sometimes a long oval 
with a rounded—not domed—roof. 
Various Words. 
ToMAHAWK.—One of the most familiar of our 
derived from the Indian 
now passing out of use and soon likely to be 
found only in the literature of the past. 
a stone hatchet fastened to a wooden handle by 
words languages, but 
It was 
wet rawhide thongs and was similar in character 
to the war club or skull cracker used in recent 
times by western Indians. The tomahawk used 
by the dwellers along the Atlantic coast at the 
hatchet 
with a distinctly sharpened edge, and we are 
coming of the whites was, however, a 
told that such weapons were used to fell trees 
as well as for war weapons, and for girdling 
trees where land was to be cleared. The early 
European hatchets made for the trade were also 
called tomahawks. 
As the tomahawk was the implement of war 
it was constantly spoken of in treaties in the 
making of war or concluding peace. If peace 
to be made, it was said that the hatchet 
If war, they dug up the toma- 
was 
would be buried. 
hawk. Tomahawk was also used°as a verb, to 
use the tomahawk. The Algonquin word from 
which this came is tameham, “he strikes,’ and the 
thing used would be tamehakan, “used for strik- 
ing.” : 
This word suggests also another term used in 
connection with Indians and _ the 
namely, calumet, 
making of 
peace; which is commonly 
called a peace pipe. 
Indian word, but an old French form originally 
chalumet, meaning a tube, reed or flute. The 
Common 
This, however, is not an 
word goes back to the Latin calamus. 
as the word is in its use in connection with In- 
dians there is nothing Indian about it. It may 
be added that early metal hatchets sent over from 
Europe for the Indian trade were often furnished 
with a pipe bowl at the back, from which a tube 
passed down and up through the handle, so that 
the hatchet could be used for smoking and might 
serve as a calumet. 
TosocGAN.—This familar word of the north has 
long been used and comes into English from the 
Canadian French,. into turn it 
which in was 
adopted from the Micmac, in which the form is 
tabagan or tubugan. In English and in French 
it is spelled in a variety of ways, of which the 
English tarbogan is one of the oldest, while in 
French tabagane and tabogine are unusual forms. 
ToremM.—A word in more or less common use, 
which signifies the visible sign or symbol by 
which a person may be known as belonging to a 
group of other persons united by some bond or 
tie. The word originally refers to the symbolic 
device which was the emblem of a family or 
An early 
author refers to a man’s. totem as the “favorite 
clan among certain groups of Indians 
spirit which he believes watches over him.” As 
a matter of fact it was usually a device by which 
. clan or family was known. 
The word means “my clay,’ which is only an- 
other way of saying my paint, clay mixed with 
erease being used by the Indians in painting. The 
clan or family symbol might be an animal, and its 
members would be painted with the picture of a 
wolf, a bear or an eagle, according as they be- 
longed to the wolf people, the bear people or the 
eagle people. 
From this word comes the common term totem 
poles, applied to the poles of carved wood or 
sometimes of slate erected by the Indians along 
the North Pacific Coast Island 
to Alaska. These poles may represent some OC- 
currence in the life of the owner or some event 
from Vancouver 
in the history of the group to which he belongs. 
Sometimes these events are represented in paint; 
ing or engraving on the pillars or beams of the 
house, in others they are carved on tall tree 
trunks erected before the village. 
Souaw.—A term for an 
woman, but originally used only by the eastern 
Algonquins. The Narragan- 
sett dialects have squad, but the term came to be 
common Indian 
Massachusetts and 
used, and is now in use, all over North America 
to denote an Indian woman, and, with the other 
word, papoose, is used even by the Indians them- 
selves. As a prefix it is used in many connec- 
tions as squawberry, squawbush, squawfish, 
squawflower. On the western Indian reservations 
a squawman is a white man married to an Indian 
woman and living with her tribe. Old squaw is, 
of course, the name of a species of duck, so-c illed 
from its tendency to call or talk. 
Besides the terms treated here a vast num- 
used in giv- 
Many 
ber of Indian words have been 
ing names to places in North America. 
geographical features, rivers, lakes, mountains, 
buttes, 
counties and States, in 
of all sorts, have often taken their names from 
the language of our predecessors in the land. 
Indian names. Cities, 
fact, political 
hills and have 
divisions 
Sometimes from tribes, as Iowa, Illinois, Assina- 
boia, or from greater divisions, as Dakota. A 
study of these place names, however interesting 
it might be, does not belong in this memorandum 
contributions to the English 
of some Indian 
language as used in America. 

On Monday of this week the Board of Water 
Supply of New York 
for the Ashokan reservoir work in the Catskill 
city awarded contracts 
Mountains to two firms whose joint bid was 
$12,660,775. The figures of the lowest: one of 
the five bidders 
was rejected, the board says, because it was so 
were $10,315,350, but this bid 
low that parts of the work would have to be 
done at a loss. The engineers had estimated the 
cost at $12,800,000. 

