Wintering Pansies Outside 
Even though you produce pansies successfully under glass, try: 
a few outside. 
In North Dakota, they Winter them outside by resetting seed- 
lings in early September, which gives them a good start before the 
first hard freeze comes, after which they are covered about an inch 
deep with leaves, straw, or coarse manure, which is best. Heavy 
freezing does not injure pansies, but continual freezing and thaw- 
ing will destroy them. 
In milder climates, but subject to cold drying winds, a th’n 
layer of straw or marsh hay, which can be kept in place by brush 
or sticks or boughs of trees, is O. K. 
Wait until the ground is frozen hard; then give the pansy beds 
a mulch of straw, hay or leaves, just enough to cover the plants. 
The mulching is not to be given with the idea of keeping the plants 
warm, but rather to keep the frost in and prevent the heaving 
which follows sudden thaws and is disastrous to unmulched plants. 
Lay some light boards, cornstalks or brush on the leaves to pre- 
vent the mulch from being blown away. A light scattering of loam 
or old manure will answer the same purpose. 
Snow makes the best possible mulch for your pansies. The 
real damage to unmulched plants comes toward Spring, when we 
get alternate freezings and thawing, and when the sun has in- 
creased power. At this time, plants which are not mulched are 
heaved out of the soil entirely, in some cases, or badly loosened. 
Do not worry about any mulch as long as you have a good snow 
covering.—C. W. Florists’ Review. 
MARKETING 
The most important factor of success for the commercial 
grower is marketing of a product like pansy plants, but it is some- 
what difficult to offer any rule of action that would be general in 
application, because conditions are never the same in any two 
localities. 
It would certainly be unwise to grow very much stock unless a 
satisfactory market was assured. 
On the other hand, experts say that unless your sales increase 
annually 20% or more, you should search for the reason why. 
Nothing builds a business like the growing of the highest class 
stock, and that requires care, labor and expense. In a bed of 5,000 
plants of high bred pansies, properly grown, will be found plants 
worth fifty cents per dozen, many for seventy-five cents and at 
least 25% that will retail for $1.00 per dozen, but you, and not 
your customer must fix the price, and you can establish and get 
your price if you have the quality. 
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