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reddish color. They are laid singly, or two or three in a clus- 
ter, on the upper side of the leaf. The young, a small white 
maggot, as soon as hatched, works its way downward inside 
the sheaths to feed on the succulent tissue at the base of the 
stalk. In the fall they usually go beneath the surface of the 
soil, but in the spring more often stop just above the surface at 
or near the lower joints. The insects feed there until ready to 
change to the pupal or flax-seed stage, which is done between 
the sheath and the straw. The fiax-seed stage takes its name 
from the great resemblance between the puparium and the 
seed of flax in size, color and form. The little seed-like pup- 
arium contains the true pupa, from which issues the future fly 
at one of the periods mentioned above. The presence of the 
puparium or flax-seed stage can usually be detected by the 
breaking down of the stem at the point where it is found. This 
breaking down is due to the weakening of the stem, having its 
interior partially eaten away by the maggot. The insect is 
said to be two brooded in more southern places, but there may 
be adult individuals found at any time between the two broods, 
not, however, in very great numbers. Such individuals mature 
in wheat sown out of season, or else in volunteer wheat. 
REMEDIES. 
In more southern states the following remedies are of value: 
Late sowing of fall wheat.—This furnishes the fall-brood, which 
issues in September and early October, nothing upon which to 
deposit its eggs, or if deposited, it is too late for them to bur- 
row toa safe place in the stem to pass the winter. 
Burning the stubbles has been found to destroy many of the 
maggots and flax-seeds. 
Rotation of crops often leaves the adults without wheat plants 
on which to deposit eggs, so that when wheat is again sown, 
the flies are all dead in that vicinity. It is a process of starv- 
ing them out. 
Pasturing early sown wheat in the fall is likely to destroy 
large numbers of maggots and flax-seeds. 
The hessian-fly, though not commonly found in Minnesota, 
has obtained a foot-hold in many parts of the state, and not 
simply in the southern counties, where both winter and spring 
wheat is grown, but also in the Red River Valley, where the 
