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June when the young are hatching and still unprotected by a 
waxy scale. 
Many insects prey on this and other species of scales at all 
stages of their existence. The most effective ones are the 
numerous species of lady-bugs, which should consequently 
always be protected. 
THE WILLOW OR COTTONWOOD-SCALE. 
(Chionaspis salicis Linn.) 
The trunks and branches of our cottonwood and willow trees 
often present a whitened appearance, which on closer exami- 
nation is seen to be due to the presence of innumerable very 
small, papery and snow-white scales. These scales are of two 
forms; the female scale is the larger one and is usually more 
or less pear-shaped with two small, overlapping cast skins at 
the apex; that of the male is oblong and has three strongly 
marked ridges running lengthwise, while it possesses ouly one 
larval skin. 
The eggs are laid under the larger and pear-shaped scale 
during the autumn. In depositing the eggs, the body of the 
female gradually shrinks away until nothing is left but a mere 
skin at the apex of the scale. The eggs are purple in color 
and very small; they hatch about the first of June into small, 
oval, flattened lice, which are very active, and quickly spread 
over the tree upon which they were born, and over such ad- 
joining plants of the same kind as come in contact with it. 
Remedies. 
This insect is usually found on forest-trees where its pre- 
sence is considered of little consequence, but not unfrequently 
it is to be seen on trees grown for shade or shelter along our 
streets or in wind-breaks, where its increase, if not checked, 
will result in the destruction of the trees. In such cases 
thorough spraying with kerosene-emulsion, made after the 
Hubbard formula, and diluted with about eight or ten parts of 
water, will be found effectual. As the scale under which the 
insect lives serves as a protection against rain, etc., the spray- 
ing must be done at atime when the young emerge from the 
eggs, and before they are provided with scaies. This is 
usually about the first of June, when the numerous small 
