THE STABLE-FLY. 161 
irritation to the animals confined there and in extreme cases 
these become frantic with pain and unmanageable. 
The stable-fly (fig. 132, plate XI), found most abun- 
dantly late in autumn, resembles very closely a house-fly,but 
can be distinguished from it by its pointed proboscis project- 
ing im front of the head (fig. 133) and by its feathered feelers. 

Fig. 133.—Mouth-parts of stable-fly. Greatly enlarged. Original. 
Its general color is gray; the anterior half of the thorax pos- 
sesses four darker stripes, while the posterior half is spotted. 
The abdomen, with a yellowish-brown cast, has upon the 
second to last segment three brown and poorly-defined spots. 
It seems as if this fly produced but a few generations each 

4..—Tsetse-fly. A modern and Bruce’s original illustration. Enlarged. 
year. The maggot,very similar to that of the house-fly, has 
a somewhat different head, and can be distinguished readily 
by the fact that the two posterior spiracles possess three 
openings arranged in a triangle, while the former has but 
one. The larval stage of this very annoying insect is passed 
in horse-manure, though it has also been found mining in the 
leaves of various plants (Taschenberg). 
A fly related to the stable-fly, and also similar to the 
breeze-fly, has a particularly bad reputation; it is the TsE- 
