MOSQUITOES. 195 
Another species belonging to a different genus, is illus- 
trated in fig. 158; it is less common, and readily recognized 
by the spotted appearance of the wings; it is Anapheles 
quadrimaculatus Say. 
There are a large number of other species of flies which 
occasionally torment man and his four-footed servants, but 
it would take too much space to give their history and illus- 
trate their forms. Flies, small and insignificant as they 
seem, can oppose a stronger barrier to man’s explorations 
than lofty mountains or swift streams. 
L. BUGS 
(Hemiptera). 
Bugs or Half-wing insects, have received the latter name 
by being characterized by having the basal half of the front- 
wings leathery, while the apical halfis thin and membrana- 
ceous. Below these upper wings is a pair of larger and thin 
wings, which are mainly used for flight. The wings, at rest, 
are crossed flatly over the back. In this order of insects itis 
not alone the adult or winged insect and its larvathat takes 
food, but the pupa is equally active and hungry. The beak 
is a horny, pointed, tapering, three- or four-jointed tube 
(labium), which is inserted beneath the front of the head. 
Four stiff bristles (mandibles and maxille) are enclosed in 
this tube, and these are adapted for piercing vegetable or 
animal tissues. The setaceous maxilla and mandibles, the 
latter armed with recurved teeth, are inserted, and a drop 
of poison is injected at the same time, which accounts for 
the inflammation caused by the bites of such insects. Bugs 
sucking the juice of plants possess usually a long and slen- 
der beak; those sucking blood have a curved, short and thick 
one. The former can become very destructive, as for in- 
stance, the well-known chinch-bug, mentioned elsewhere in 
this report. There are also a large number of true bugs that 
will attack warm-blooded animals if opportunity offers, yet 
but very few make it their business to do so constantly, and 
these have in the course of time become veritable blood-suck- 
ing parasites. 
