LEPIDOPTERA. 
in the shape of a Y. The chrysalis is conical, sprinkled over 
| with a bluish efflorescence resembling the bloom on a plum. The 
Parnassius mnemosyne is found in the month of June in the moun- 
tains of Dauphiné, in Switzerland, Sicily, Hungary, Sweden, and 
in the Pyrenees. 
In the family of the Pieride, we will mention many species 
remarkable in different ways, such as P7eris crategi, the Black- 
veined white, Pieris brassice, the Cabbage butterfly, Pieris nap, 
Pieris callidice, Anthocharis cardamines, the Orange-tip, 
| Rhodocera (Gonepteryx) rhamni, and Colias edusa, or Clouded 
| yellow. Pieris crateg is white both above and below; the veins 
only of the wings are black, and become a little broader at the 
edge of the upper wings. These black veins on a rather trans- 
parent white ground make this butterfly resemble a gauze veil, 
hence it French name, Le Gazé. It flies in spring and summer in 
meadows and gardens, but is not generally common in England. 
In the first volume of his “ Travels in the North of Russia,” 
Pallas relates that he saw insects of this species flying in great 
numbers in the environs of Winofka, and that he at first took 
them for flakes of snow. The Pieris crategi fixes itself at sunset 
on flowers, where it is easily taken by the hand. During the day, 
on the contrary, it is difficult to catch. The larva, black at 
first, afterwards assumes short yellow and white hairs, but it varies 
much. They live in companies, under a silky web in which they 
pass the winter. The leaves of the hawthorn, the sloe, the cherry 
tree, and of many other fruit trees serve them for food. The 
pupa, yellow or white, and sometimes of both colours with little 
stripes and spots of black, is angular and terminated in front by 
a blunt point. 
The Pieris brassice (Fig. 144), or Cabbage butterfly, is perhaps 
the commonest of all butterflies. From the beginning of spring 
till the end of autumn, one sees it flying about everywhere, in 
the gardens, sometimes near and almost in the interior of towns. 
It is of a dull white, spotted and veined with black, and it can 
be seen at a long distance, when flitting from flower to flower, 
in a meadow or garden. And so children wage desperate war 
against this flying prey. The pursuit of the Cabbage butterfly 
through the alleys of parks, along the outskirts of woods, or on the 

