116 THE NORTHERN MICROSCOPIST. 


medtocanellata abounds, because the host is constantly supplying 
the ox with eggs, which, in due course, become cysticerci or beef 
measles, the flesh containing which is eaten by mankind again, 
resulting in further generations of tape-worms, which in a similar 
manner quickly reproduce others. 
At the commencement of these remarks, I drew attention to the 
human mortality in Iceland, due to the larval Zwnita Echinococcus, 
which in the adult state infests the dog, and is only % of an inch 
in length. What Sanitary precautions are here adopted? ‘The 
people are dirty in habit. Dogs are most plentiful, and the quack 
doctors of the country, in their extended knowledge of disease, 
prescribe for almost every ailment, the recently voided excrement 
of the dog. No wonder that tape-worms flourish, and that the 
resulting mortality is so great. 
In conclusion, we will take a morsel of comfort, based on the 
results of many experiments, which go to prove that thorough cook- 
~ ing will destroy these animal parasites when they are contained in 
our flesh meat. It is estimated that a temperature of 140° F. pro- 
longed during five minutes is sufficient for this purpose, but we 
must remember that every portion of the meat must be heated up 
to this point, and it is quite possible to have the exterior of a joint 
considerably over 212° F., without the interior having attained to 
the required temperature. As a rough guide, meat has been 
raised to at least 140° F., when the bright red colour of under- 
cooked meat has been replaced by the browner appearance we 
recognise in joints known as “ well done.” : 
After a paper of this description, and to the present audience, it 
is almost superfluous to point out how necessary it is that imperial 
and local authorities should appoint men who, by training and pro- 
fession, are qualified to protect the public by a proper inspection 
of its supply of flesh meat. Very much will have to be done 
yet in this direction, and as compared with our neighbours on the 
continent, we are very much behind in this respect. 

MOSSES: 
THEIR STRUCTURE AND CEASSIFICA ION: 
By WILLIAM STANLEY. 
Read before the Manchester Microscopical Society, April 6th, 1882. 
HE cells of Mosses and Hepatice, from their great beauty and 
variety of form, are extremely important in their classification, 
affording both generic and specific distinctions ; the Muscates being 
a family of Cryptogamic plants which are primarily distinguished 

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