350 Report or THE HortTicULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
YELLOW BELLFLOWER GROUP 
Medium to large apples, characteristically oblong conic, pre- 
dominantly yellow, with a large somewhat remarkably open core. 
Flesh firm, crisp, aromatic and of high quality for culinary pur- 
poses. Somewhat general in distribution throughout the State but 
inclining to the southern and warmer districts. 
Barry, Moyer, Summer Bellflower, 
Flory, Newman, Titus Pippin, 
Kirkland, Occident, Yellow Bellflower. 
Mason Orange, Ortley, ! 
YELLOW TRANSPARENT GROUP. 
Early summer apples, of medium size and characteristically thin 
skin and tender flesh. Russian. Adapted to all New York districts. 
Breskovka, Thaler, Yellow Transparent. 
Red Transparent, 
FACTORS GOVERNING DISTRIBUTION. 
A knowledge of the factors which govern the distribution of 
plants is essential to a clear understanding of the distribution of 
varieties. The natural factors (there are economic factors as well) 
which most largely determine the characters of the plants in any 
region are:— Latitude and altitude; temperature of air and soil; 
the water supply; the chemical and physical properties of the soil; 
and air currents. To these might be added insects and fungi which 
often help to determine the area of profit for a fruit or its varieties. 
But parasites are so largely dependent upon the other natural 
factors and upon the host plant that we need not consider them 
among the chief factors in distribution. 
Latitude and altitude.— Latitude and altitude largely determine 
the annual temperature, amount and intensity of sunlight, and the 
length of the growing season. We shall find many sorts of apples, 
as those of the Ben Davis and Winesap groups, strongly influenced 
by latitude and altitude, quite aside from hardiness. So far as tree 
characters are concerned Ben Davis and Winesap are hardier than 
many varieties far better adapted to northern latitudes. It is an 
important fact that the metes and bounds of latitude are often set 
aside by local modifications. Thus there are, in all parts of New 
