New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 447 
should be set in the spring instead of the fall, not covering the 
crown too deeply, and spreading the roots in a circle about the 
center of the crown. It is an advantage to set the plants in the 
bottom of a shallow furrow, filling in as the plants develop. Under 
these conditions they withstand drought better and the canes are 
not so easily blown over by the wind. 
The distance apart of rows and of plants depends on the system 
of cultivation, the varieties, the natural richness of the ground 
and the location. In general the plants should not be crowded, 
Red raspberries may be set closer than black raspberries and 
blackberries should be set the farthest apart. These distances may 
vary from three by six feet to four by eight feet depending on 
conditions. 
Subsequent treatment.— The ground should be kept well culti- 
vated and the plants hoed as occasion requires. In young plan- 
tations, if the plants have been set properly, cultivation may be 
given both ways thus reducing the expense of keeping down the 
weeds. The cultivation should be shallow as the roots lie near 
the surface. On heavy clay soils it may sometimes be desirable 
in some seasons to plow early in spring, following with the cul- 
tivator till fruiting time. During the picking of the fruit there 
is little opportunity to cultivate, but the ground should be thoroughly 
stirred as soon as the harvest is over. If desirable a cover crop 
may be sown in late August or early September. 
During the first two years it is not always necessary to give 
the land solely to the berry plants. Potatoes, cabbages, straw- 
berries, etc., are often grown with advantage between the rows so 
that a considerable income from this source may be obtained before 
the berry plants fully occupy the ground. 
Pruning— Summer pruning of red raspberries is not generally 
practiced but may often be done with advantage to black rasp- 
berries and blackberries. It consists in pinching or cutting off 
the tender ends or tips of the new shoots at a height that may 
vary from eighteen inches to twenty-four or even thirty, the black- 
berries usually being pinched somewhat lower than the black 
raspberries. The result of this pruning is the formation of rather 
low stocky plants with numerous lateral branches which will not 
