448 Report oF THE HorricULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
require a trellis. As the young plants do not all develop at the 
same time it is necessary to go over the plantation several times 
in order to pinch the growth at the proper height. 
The canes growing one summer, bear fruit the next season and 
then die, while new canes develop each year for the succeeding 
year’s crop. Frequently the canes which have fruited are allowed 
to remain until the following spring before removal, but better 
results are usually secured by cutting them out and burning as 
soon as the berry crop is harvested. By this method the insects 
and fungus diseases frequently infesting those canes may be de- 
stroyed, and the young canes have more room to develop. Each 
spring the plants should be gone over, cutting off the weak ends 
of the canes and thinning out some of the smaller ones where the 
growth ‘is too dense. From three to five canes per hill are usually 
preferable to a larger number. 
Winter protection.— The winter protection of the plants is largely 
confined to the colder climates, only those kinds being grown in 
this State commercially that withstand fairly well New York 
conditions. Blackberries are usually much more tender than rasp- 
berries. Winter protection consists in laying down the canes and 
covering them with a thin mulch of straw and earth. 
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