New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 219 
the moisture of the atmosphere and the toxic substances pass 
through the epidermis of the leaf with harmful effects. (2) 
Leaves and fruits secrete fluids which dissolve portions of the 
copper compound; this finds its way into the cellular tissue and 
death results to the cells reached. 
16. A study of bordeaux injury in the State at large showed: 
That in 1905 about 70 per ct. of the orchards sprayed had been 
injured; that an excess of lime’ did not prevent the injury; that 
in some orchards spraying did more harm than good; that there 
had been similar losses in past years; that the use of power 
machinery seemed to increase the injury; that wet weather gave 
the favoring conditions for injury; and that some varieties are 
more susceptible to injury than others. 
17. An experiment on the Station grounds to show the effects 
of bordeaux mixture on the fruit and foliage of the apple proved 
conclusively that this mixture causes the trouble known in New 
Work as“ spray injury.” 
18. In the above experiments injury appeared immediately after 
the first shower of rain following the spraying and continued to 
develop until the fruits of the Baldwin and Greening were half 
erown. 
19. The toxic substance seemed to pass through the stomata 
and the basal cells of plant hairs into the cellular tissue of the 
fruit. Small black specks characterize the first stage of bordeaux 
russeting. Each of these was usually formed about a stoma. 
20. As the fruits grow the epidermis is lacerated because the 
dead cells are unable to bear their share of the surface tension. 
It is these dead cells and the healing of the lacerations that cause 
the corky russeted surface of fruits. © 
21. Bordeaux injury on fruit comes from early spraying, after 
the blossoms have dropped, and it is not probable that much dam- 
age is done after the hairs have been shed and the stomata changed 
into lenticels. | 
22. No conclusion could be reached as to how the toxic in- 
gredient finds its way into the cellular tissue of the leaves. Since 
the dead spots are nearly always under heavy bordeaux mixture 
stains, it may be that the dissolved salts enter osmotically into the 
cells of the:leaf surface. 
23. An experiment to show whether wet or dry weather gave 
favoring conditions for bordeaux injury confirmed the opinions of 
fruit-growers that wet weather gives the favoring atmospheric 
condition for this trouble. 
