New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 221 
INTRODUCTION. 
It has long been known that under some conditions bordeaux 
mixture injures the, fruit and foliage of the apple. Such injury 
is becoming more common and is increasing in severity in New 
York. A circular letter sent in the fall of 1905, to 116 leading 
apple growers of the State, brought 108 replies from men who 
had used bordeaux mixture, 98 of whom had used it that season. 
Of the 98, practically all had had some experience with the 
bordeaux injury in the past, and 69, or about 70 per ct. of them, 
had severely injured their fruit and foliage in 1905. Ten men 
reported that spraying had done more damage than the apple 
scab for which it was used. Accounts of similar losses to the 
apple crop in this State date back to 1894, when Beach! first 
reported upon it. 
Attempts on the part of the fruit-grower to control the injury 
by adding lime, decreasing the amount of copper sulphate, and by 
varying the time of spraying, having failed to bring forth methods 
of control, this Station began investigations in the spring of 1906 
to determine: (1) The cause of bordeaux injury; (2) conditions 
favoring the injury; (3) means of preventing such injury. This 
bulletin is a report of the investigations, with a discussion of the: 
whole matter of bordeaux injury. 
There is danger that a careless reader of the discussion that. 
follows may think that the writer is advocating giving up bordeaux 
mixture as a spray for apples. There should be no such thought. © 
This mixture is still by far the best fungicide for the apple. It 
was premised when the experiments herein described were begun, 
and it is still held after their completion, that, in spite of the injury, 
the apple-grower must continue to spray with bordeaux mixture. 
It shotld be noted that the trouble which we have called 
“bordeaux injury” is known under several names in this State 
and in the country at large. The most common of these is “ spray 
injury ’— an indefinite term since several spraying compounds may 
cause injuries; other names are “bordeaux scald,” “ bordeaux 
burning,” “spray russeting”’ and “cork russeting”’ as applied to 
injury on fruit, and “leaf spot” and “ yellow leaf” when the 
foliage is the part injured. It is hoped that ‘“‘ bordeaux injury ” 
may come into common use in designating this trouble. 
1 Beach (9). The number‘in ( ) refers to the bibliography. 
