New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229 
Valley in particular. There have also been complaints along the lake region 
of Ontario. Sometimes the injury has been very great, reducing the value 
of the fruit considerably. I have come to the conclusion that the injury is 
largely due to climatic conditions and that a liquid of any kind on fruit 
under certain conditions will cause injury, for this russeting occurs on 
trees which have not been sprayed at all. In the Annapolis Valley and 
in the lake districts the air is moister, and in moist seasons, especially, I 
believe that the skin of the apples is more tender than it is where the atmos- 
phere is drier; then, when a spray, or even heavy dew, rests on the fruit 
during bright sunshine and very hot weather, scalding and russeting follow. 
The bordeaux mixture and arsenites used generally by fruit growers are: 
Four pounds biuestone, 4 pounds lime, 40 gallons (Imperial) water, with 4 
to 6 ounces of paris green. I do not mean it to be inferred that no injury 
is done by improperly prepared spray mixtures, but what I do believe is 
that considerable injury can be done even when mixtures are well made.’— 
W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Can. 
“T have just received a report for the season from our field horticulturist 
at Grand Junction, Mr. Whipple, and in it I find the following item on the 
subject of bordeaux injury to apples: ‘It is found that a bordeaux mixture 
of 2 pounds of copper sulphate, 4 pounds lime, and 50 gallons water will 
russet Ben Davis and Gano apples though not to any serious extent, if used 
on any other than a clear day, and even then russeting may occur on the 
shaded portions of large trees.’”— W. Pappock, Horticulturist and Botanist, 
Colorado Station, Fort Collins, Colo. 
“T may say we noted some injury from bordeaux spray but not enough to 
attract much attention. We did, however, reduce the copper sulphate from 
four to three pounds. We shall not use more than the latter amount the 
coming season. Have used only paris green as insecticide with the bor- 
deaux.”— A. G. Guttey, Horticulturist, Storrs Station, Storrs, Conn. 
“This past season I had an experimental spraying for apple scab and 
codling moth, to test to my satisfaction which is the best insecticide to put 
in the bordeaux. I used with this Taft’s and Kedzie’s formulas, paris green, 
home-made arsenate of lead, and Swift’s arsenate of lead. All injury to 
apples was about the same with all sprays, showing it was not the insecticide. 
I am convinced it was the bordeaux (and it makes no difference how well 
it is made) applied the second time to trees just as they were dropping their 
petals. I am convinced, but need a second year to be absolutely sure of it, 
that it was due to unpleasant weather when we put on this spray. It was 
fearfully windy, accompanied by light rains, and very cold for that time of 
year. Several men in our neighborhood suffered equally, all apples being 
distorted, but Jonathans the worst. Another fruit-raiser, Mr. Veatch, did 
not spray at this time, but about ten days later, and he had almost no imjury, 
using same spray as did I, bordeaux and Swift’s. Some think it is poor 
lime, but I do not, for our local lime, with hot water, slakes beautifully, 
and Mr. Veatch had no injury from the same lime. Mr. Veatch thinks it 
due to frost, but this cannot be, as my check trees, next to those sprayed, 
showed no injury. I am going at this again next year; using only insecticide: 
at this time with most trees, spray some at just this time with bordeaux 
and insecticide to serve as checks. I have a bulletin now in press on spray- 
