232. Report OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
partly brown or yellow. Of course we have similar falling of leaves in 
unsprayed orchards, but there is no doubt that in certain seasons this is 
aggravated by spraying. On the fruit the effect is shown in a russeting of 
the skin. This is particularly noticeable on tender-skinned sorts like the 
Gravenstein, but to a greater or less extent on all others. The surface will 
not be uniformly russeted, but it will run in irregular lines and streaks over 
the surface. ; 
“The formula almost universally used here is 4 pounds of copper sulphate, 
4 pounds of lime, 40 gallons of water and 4 to 6 ounces of paris green. 
“ Russeting of the fruit and damage to the leaves seem more likely to occur 
where we have a long spell of damp weather without heavy rains, that is, 
showers, fog, drizzle.’—F. C. Sears, Horticulturist, Agricultural College, 
Truro, Nova Scotia. . 
“Tn reply to your letter regarding spray injury to the apple, I will say 
that we commonly find more or less of a russet appearance on our apples, 
due to the spray materials used. This seldom does sufficient harm to injure 
the apples for market, although in some cases it makes them somewhat un- 
sightly, and very rarely the side which is considerably injured by this russet- 
ing fails to develop as fast as the other side of the apple. I think that 
none of our orchardists is able to avoid this injury altogether, although 
there is but little complaint concerning it. 
“We have experienced another trouble in the yellowing and premature 
falling of the leaves. This has been worse in wet than in dry seasons, but 
it has seldom done any appreciable harm. In a few cases it has undoubt- 
edly prevented the development of the apples. The formula which we use 
for bordeaux mixture is 4 pounds of copper sulphate, 4 pounds of lime. In 
this we commonly use arsenite of soda. Sometimes we use the arsenate of 
lead, and often growers use a combination. There are a few who use 
arsenate of lead alone after the second or third spraying.”— W. J. GREEN, 
Horticulturist, Ohio Station, Wooster, Ohio. 
“Tn regard to the spray injury of apples I have to say that quite a little 
complaint has reached me this season. The 6-4 formula of bordeaux and 
paris green have been the materials used when the russeting of the apples 
was Observed and the only explanation given is the cloudy or damp weather 
following the application.”—G. C. Burz, Horticulturist, Pennsylvania Sta- 
tion, State College, Pa. 
“In general, scorching from bordeaux is very general in the humid coast 
country. Very frequently it causes as much harm as the scab would have 
done on unsprayed trees. I have been consulting with Professor Henderson 
of Idaho, and he states that in the wooded regions of his State scab is 
prevalent and he has continuously met with this russeting where bordeaux 
has been used alone or in connection with insecticides. He agrees with me 
that -arsenate of lead with bordeaux has given no greater a percentage of 
russeting than bordeaux used with paris green or alone. In our spraying 
in an experiment at Spokane a block of trees was treated with bordeaux of 
half strength, at the second spraying. This block of trees gave very little 
increase in scab, but a marked decrease in the amount of russet.”— A. L. 
MELANDER, Entomologist, Washington Station, Pullman, Wash. 
