5 
240 ReEporT OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
Sprayed and unsprayed trees in orchards suffering from bor- 
deaux injury present a marked contrast. One can note the differ- 
ence as far as green can be distinguished from yellow. A visit 
to such an orchard convinces one that spraying with bordeaux 
causes the injury and shows the amount of damage that can be 
done by spraying. The trees not infrequently are so damaged as 
to appear to have been scorched. Slight degrees of injury can be 
best seen by standing under a sprayed tree and looking through the 
foliage toward the light. 
The falling of the foliage varies much in an orchard in ac- 
cordance with the variety and even with individuals of a variety. 
It may take place within two weeks from the time of spraying 
or it may continue for as many months. The number of leaves 
that fall varies, of course, with the degree of injury; it ranges 
from a slight sprinkling on the ground to defoliation. A fair 
average in the bordeaux-injured apple trees of western New York: 
for the season of I905 is from one-third to one-half. Craig’ 
reports that in an experiment carried on by him in this State in 
1906, he found 2,500 leaves upon a square yard beneath an apple 
tree sprayed with bordeaux mixture made with four pounds of 
copper sulphate, forty gallons of water, and lime to satisfy the 
ferrocyanide test. 
BORDEAUX INJURY OF BLOSSOMS. 
It is not necessary to spray the apple while in bloom and such 
spraying is seldom practiced in New York. A discussion of 
bordeaux injury of blossoms has, therefore, but little practical 
significance; but since blossoms are modified foliar organs, it 
may throw some light on the injury of leaves to know how the 
bordeaux mixture affects the blossoms. Beach and Bailey® con- 
ducted extensive experiments in 1900 on spraying in bloom and 
their conclusions in regard to the injury of blossoms are as 
follows: 
“In some cases the spray mixture had a corrosive effect and 
killed the tissues of the stamens and pistils. In other cases 
pistils with particles of the spray mixture on the stigmatic sur- 
faces awaited fertilization for several days, apparently unharmed 
and perfectly healthy, but eventually withered and died. A num- 
ber of blossoms were observed which showed particles of spray 
Graig (1s; Dp. 9). 
*° Beach and Bailey (10, p. 443). 
