New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19 
payment according to the milk-fat exercises a most important and 
direct influence upon the milk producers; because it removes all 
temptation to skim or water milk, and because it offers a special 
inducement to produce milk containing larger amounts of milk-fat. 
The full discussion of these methods will be found in Bulletin 
No. 308. 
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
Control of scale in old apple orchards.——The control of the pest 
in old apple orchards is the most important phase of the San José 
scale problem in this State. Realizing the dangers that threatened 
the apple industry, the Station began a series of co-operative tests 
to ascertain practical measures for protecting the older trees. These 
tests were conducted for several years in commercial apple orchards 
at Youngstown in Niagara County, Geneva in Ontario County 
and Yorktown in Westchester County; and are reported in Bulle- 
tin No. 296. In these experiments the standard remedies were em- 
ployed for the treatment of the main portions of the orchards, and 
comparative tests were made of the more promising sprays of re- 
cent introduction. The tests have proven clearly that it is possible, 
without great expense, to protect old trees so thoroughly that the 
crops are not lessened and that little if any of the fruit shows spot- 
ting. Experience, derived from our own experiments and observa- 
tions on the efforts of commercial fruit growers, demonstrates, with 
increasing emphasis each year, that the control of the scale on old 
apple trees is practicable, and that efficient protection can be af- 
forded at at a relatively nominal expense, compared with the re- 
turns from a well managed orchard. The cost of spraying apple 
orchards varies from year to year and with different fruit growers. 
The principal factors that determine the expense are labor, ma- © 
chinery, size of trees, weather conditions, kind and cost of spray- 
ing supplies and general management. 
Of the various sprays that have been tested, the sulphur wash 
and the home-made oil emulsions have, on the basis of efficiency, 
economy and safety to the trees, proven the most satisfactory reme- 
dies. Of the two, the oil emulsions have generally been somewhat 
more efficient than the sulphur wash in the treatment of old appie 
trees, and excellent results have been obtained with a light treat- 
ment of emulsion on trees previously sprayed with the lime-sulphur 
wash to reach the scales on the young wood. Either of these sprays 
singly or the emulsions supplementing an application of the sulphur 
wash, if thoroughly applied, can be depended on to control the scale, 
