332 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE 
scrutiny that eighteen trees were found, on which were several 
apples with not more than one or two of the usual red spots by the 
scale. Many fruit growers, experienced in spraying for the scale, 
examined the trees for evidences of this pest without success and 
pronounced the results perfect. Comprising, as the orchard does, 
trees varying from 30 to 55 years of age, on many of which the 
scale was abundant, this experiment is a good example of the re- 
sults that can be obtained by an intelligent use of known remedies. 
GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 
In the experiments described, the results in the treatments have 
been very encouraging. With efficient labor and adequate spray- 
ing machinery, no especial difficulty has been experienced in pre- 
venting important injuries to the trees and producing yields of 
fruit which have, for the most part, been unspotted. The one ex- 
ception has been the Youngstown orchard where the production 
of an entirely clean crop of fruit has always been difficult of at- 
tainment, largely for the want of more time to respray portions of 
those trees which have not been well treated by the first applica- 
tion, and the experimental use of untested remedies. But even in 
this orchard, much progress has been made in the control of the 
scale; and a large crop of clean fruit, bringing high prices, was har- 
vested this year. Annual spraying has reduced the amount of scale 
on the trees and the appearance of the orchard has been much im- 
proved. Experience, derived from our own endeavors and obser- 
vations on the efforts of commercial fruit growers, demonstrates, 
with increasing emphasis each year, that the control of the scale 
on old apple trees is practicable, and that efficient protection can 
be afforded at a relatively nominal expense, compared with the re- 
turns from a well managed orchard. 
Of the various sprays that have been tested, the sulphur wash 
and the home-made oil emulsions have, on the basis of efficiency, 
economy and safety to the trees, proven the most satisfactory reme- 
dies. Of the two, the oil emulsions have generally been somewhat 
more efficient than the sulphur wash in the treatment of old apple 
trees, and excellent results have been obtained with a light treat- 
ment of an emulsion on trees previously sprayed with the lime-sul- 
phur wash, to reach the scales on the young wood. Either of these 
sprays singly or the emulsions supplementing an application of 
the sulphur wash, if thoroughly applied, can be depended on to con- 
trol the scale. Miscible oil completely controlled the scale in one 
