NEw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 333 
orchard, while in the other two tests there was generally more 
spotting of the apples than with the other sprays. The more eff- 
cient miscible oils are among the more satisfactory substitutes for 
home-made remedies. 
The cost of spraying apple orchards will vary from year to year 
and with different fruit growers. The principal factors that deter- 
mine the expense are labor, machinery, size of trees, weather con- 
ditions, kind and cost of spraying supplies and fuel, and general 
management. The above experiments show differences in the ex- 
penditures required for each tree, which were largely determined 
by the cost of the remedies and the character of the spraying ma- 
chinery. The average cost of the mixtures, not including the pur- 
chasing price, interest and wear of machinery are as follows: For 
one application to apple trees of 30 to 47 years of age, using power 
spraying outfits; sulphur wash, 32 cts. per tree; crude oil, 32 cts., 
and miscible oil, 57 cts. For one application to apple trees of 33 
years of age, using hand pump without tower; sulphur wash, 66 
cts. per tree, and miscible oil, 79 cts. per tree. 
The above figures indicate that spraying for the scale in an old 
apple orchard necessitates an additional expense which will vary 
approximately from 30 cts. to 50 cts. for each tree. With care- 
ful management, it is believed that the cost of spraying per tree 
can be kept below the maximum figures. In general this expendi- 
ture represents an equivalent reduction in the customary net 
profits of each tree. Many fruit growers sustaining these dimin- 
ishing receipts would find it possible, by better management of their 
orchards, to keep down the expense of distribution and cost of pro- 
duction, and to increase the fruitfulness of their trees by improved 
cultivation, fertilizing and spraying, so that the increased gains in 
yields alone would pay in part or wholly the cost of treatment for 
the scale. More efficient spraying for the codling moth would, in 
many orchards, have increased the value of the crop this year by 
at least 10 per ct., which would have paid for the needed protec- 
tion against the scale. Economy is possible in other orchard prac- 
tices. | 
The principal problem in the treatment of old apple orchards 
for the scale is largely one of mastering principal difficulties. There 
are no new principles involved. The large apple tree simply pre- 
sents more serious obstacles to successful treatment than exist with 
other plantings. The trees are high and spreading. The pubes- 
cence of the new growth and the old bark may protect many scales. 
