New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297 
during the winter of 1895-96 on the farm at Ottawa. Very 
little snow fell during the winter and no cover crop was used. 
Macoun thinks that sod may protect roots when there is enough 
moisture in the soil, but since sod soil is often too dry, it is 
thought best to cultivate to conserve the moisture and then use 
a mulch or cover crop.— No winter-killing of roots has been 
observed since 1896, which is thought to be primarily due to 
the use of Crab, Martha and Transcendent seedlings as stocks, 
though it is conceded that the use of cover crops may also be 
an important factor. 
FROST-INJURY MOSTLY TO ABRIAL PARTS, 
Winter-injury to aerial parts of fruit trees frequently occurs 
when the roots and crown are but little affected. However, 
since the effect on the wood tissue is very similar to that often 
accompanying Crown-rot, it may not be amiss to include a 
few cases in this review 
L. R. Taft!® published a discussion of “ Frozen Trees and 
Their Treatment,” in which it is said that many trees were 
injured or killed in Michigan during the very severe winter 
of 1898-9. The injury was generally manifest by the browning 
of the wood and bark, though sometimes only the former. 
When only the wood was discolored it is thought that the 
trees might produce several crops, if properly treated, but 
when the bark has become loosened to a considerable extent, 
their death seems likely to follow. In case of peach trees 
under four years, which had been severely injured above the 
snow line, it is advised to cut them back and train sprouts 
from the stubs, but when only the branches are affected, they 
should be headed back. When the trunks and branches of 
bearing trees are much injured, they should also be headed 
back to “four or five arms” so that the sap would not need 
to pass so far through injured wood. The less severe cases of 
bark loosening may also be overcome by cutting away the 
loose bark and covering with grafting wax. Cultivation, fer- 
#8 Mich. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Spl. Bul. 11. 1899. 
