310 REPoRT OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
living, natural-colored wood out to the cortex, while others had 
dead, discolored wood to various depths toward the center of 
the trees. Often a wedge-shaped, dead portion of wood, in- 
cluding a dead root, extended toward the center of a trunk, 
while the other wood was living throughout. Trees showing 
marked evidence of Crown-rot always had one or more such 
root-wood sectors of dead wood extending nearly to the center 
(as shown in Plate XVII). From cross-sections it seems that 
the trees had been injured after the growing season of 1905 
or 1906, though it was not certainly determined owing to 
indefinite growth rings. The injury seems to have occurred 
after the first cultivation of the orchard. 
The right-half of the stump shown in longitudinal section 
(Plate XVII) and a piece of another stump were sent to W. P. 
Headden, October 14, and he says they look like his arsenical 
poisoning cases and analysis showed that they contained 
arsenic. 
Coxsackie orchards.— Other cases of Crown-rot were studied 
in well-tilled orchards near Coxsackie, N. Y. The injury 
seemed also to have occurred about two or three years ago and 
had a similar effect upon the trees. Some two to eight-year-old 
Baldwins, Greenings and Ben Davis were severely affected; 
about 13 per ct. of the Baldwins and 10 per ct. of the others. 
The orchards are on rolling, gravelly land which had been 
thoroughly fertilized and cultivated, but the trees were never 
sprayed. They had been banked with soil in the falls of 1907 
and 1908. <A neighboring sod orchard of the same age, but 
-getting little care, had no evidence of the trouble; the trees 
were smaller but looked healthy. 
Geneva orchards.— One of the largest and probably the best, 
tilled orchard in the vicinity of Geneva, N. Y., consisting 
largely of Baldwin and Greening trees at least 45 years old, 
has over 6 per ct. of its trees affected with old Crown-rot scars. 
Various sized areas of bare wood, surrounded by about thir- 
teen-year-old callus rolls, are present on the crowns, especially 
on the higher, thinner land, while lower parts with deeper 
soil seem to have fewer scarred trees. However, all the old 

