New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 341 
scars seem to have originated during the same winter. On 
the higher, slightly gravelly knolls a few scarred trees were 
found with early yellowing foliage and decaying heart-wood. 
But in spite of these injuries and some gaps where trees had 
been removed, the orchard is probably the thriftiest and most 
productive in this region. It has been tilled about 15 years, 
but before that time it was pastured. It seems probable that 
the Crown-rot injuries occurred during the winter following 
cultivation, os in the Sodus case, but the good, deep soil with 
plenty of moisture enabled the trees to recover. 
A small and somewhat neglected sod orchard over thirty 
years old was found to have no gaps or replaced trees nor any 
visible crown or trunk injuries, though the soil and location 
seemed practically the same as in the neighboring orchard just 
described. It appears that but little spraying was done. 
Experiment Station orchards.2°—Though many of the most 
affected trees were taken out of the Experiment Station or- 
chards at different times, there are still about 3 per ct. of the 
older ones which have old Crown-rot scars. Some of the 
younger ones were evidently severely injured during recent 
years because the killed bark at their crowns has not yet en- 
tirely decayed, though the upper roots are devoid of cortex. 
The last stage of such a case is shown in a photo of a nine 
to eleven-year-old Ben Davis which had green bark from about 
one and a half feet above ground upward, though its leaves 
had all died and its fruits wilted. (Plates XIII and XIV.) 
The roots were not only decorticated, but dead throughout. 
The bark was still adhering to the dead, lower part of the 
trunk, though it was much roughened and cracked. Cytospora 
and Spheeropsis were present on the trunk canker. A _ longi- 
tudinal section about one and a half feet above the ground 
shows the transition from living to dead alburnum or sap-wood 
and bark, though the heart-wood was discolored and dead at 
least several feet above. This tree was probably injured during 
* Thanks are due M. J. Dorsey of the Horticultural Department of this 
Station, for looking up the records of some injured trees. 
