New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ont 
possible use hardy, short-seasoned seedlings or crabs for stocks, 
and plant ordinary nursery trees deep. S. T. Maynard”? con- 
cludes from a ten-year test of Williams’ Favorite grafted upon 
Siberian crab, ‘That the Siberian crab apple tree does not 
make good stock upon which to graft the varieties of our 
larger apples.” 
Cultivation appears always to pay®® even though some trees 
may be lost by it. When a sod orchard is to be cultivated, it 
may be well to plow it in autumn, after the leaves have fallen, 
so that growth may start early in the spring. 
Cover crops are not always used, even by our best orchard- 
ists, and often without harmful results. Probably the 
necessity for a cover crop depends somewhat upon the season 
and perhaps more upon the type of soil, the age of the trees 
and their locality. All preventive measures may fail when a 
summer season is such as to compel very late growth and 
unusually cold weather comes early; even sod orchards are 
severely injured at such times. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
The need for a long, thorough investigation of Crown-rot and 
its attendant ills is evident. It seems more or less destruc- 
tive throughout the best apple-growing States. The relations 
of low temperatures,*” arsenical poisons and the various organ- 
isms, to cankered and Crown-rotted trees, are not known suffi- 
ciently, nor is it definitely understood how the different types 
of soil are related to root-injuries and canker-injuries, and 
what relation low temperatures have to enzyme-action. The 
mutual influence of stock and scion, when known, may help 
the problem. And, as a result of such investigations, sane 
measures of orchard management to increase the winter- 
hardiness of our fruit trees may be materially advanced. 
Mass. (Hatch) Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul, 17: 36-7. 41. , 
1. P. Hedrick. A comparison of tillage and sod mulch in an apple 
orchard. N. Y. Agr]. Expt. Sta. Bul. 314, 1909. 
5’ Some work on the relations of arsenites and arsenates, and of low 
temperature (with its principal secondary factors) to Crown-rot, will be 
started in the near future by the writer. 
