New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 431 
ing or at the time of the spraying operations, when dangers of 
freezing are avoided. According to Stewart* a solution of 32.1 
Beaumé (1.28 Sp. G.) does not freeze above 5° F. and shows no. 
deterioration by freezing. Mixtures of lesser density will 
freeze at higher temperatures. Preparations that are to be 
used within a few days may be kept if desired in open vats or 
barrels. In this case, transfer the hot concentrate to the 
proper container, and cover the surface of the liquid with a 
thin film of mineral oil. 
DIFFICULTIES IN MAKING CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS. 
The principal difficulties to be met in making a concentrated 
lime-sulphur solution are to obtain preparations of high densi- 
ties and to avoid large amounts of sediment. In the Station 
tests,{ the different boilings varied in degrees of concentration 
and when lime containing magnesium was used, there was 
always quite a quantity of sediment. In our own experience 
we found it impracticable to attempt to obtain solutions of 
definite strength. As soon as the cooking was done, the prepa- 
ration was immediately applied or barreled. For use, the clear 
solution was tested with a hydrometer, and the preparation 
was diluted with water according to its density. It is impossi- 
ble to avoid a certain amount of sediment but to reduce the 
Senn. Sta. Bul. 92: 
+ The variation in the density and in the amount of mixture in different 
boilings is illustrated by the following examples. One-half of the materials 
required by the formula were used. The lime was 91 per cent. ealeium 
and five more pounds were added because of the impurities. The tempera- 
ture of the mixtures was 70° F. and apparently all the sediment had set- 
tled when tests by hydrometer were made. 
(1) Cooked by kettle;—extra water 22 gals. Amount of concentrate 
314 gals. Clear solution tested 264° B. 
(2) Cooked by kettle;— extra water 16 gals. Amount of concentrate 
223 gals. Clear solution tested 33° B. 
(3) Cooked by steam coil;— extra water 3 gals. Amount of concentrate 
27 gals. Clear solution tested 273° B. 
(4) Cooked by steam coil;—no extra water. Amount of concentrate 
25 gals. Clear solution tested 28° B. 
(5) Cooked by direct steam ;—no extra water. Amount of concentrate 
24 gals. Clear solution tested 32° B. 
