New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 539 
for the investigation, or the State have voluntarily under- 
taken it. 
Three sites were chosen for experiments: One at Kinder- 
hook, in the Hudson Valley, on the farm of Edward Van 
Alstyne; another at Fayetteville, Onondaga county, on the 
farm of F. E. Dawley, and the third at Carlton, Orleans 
county, on the farm of Albert Wood & Son. The trees in these 
orchards were to be budded on three stocks, and this leads to 
a consideration of the whole matter of stocks. 
Several kinds of dwarf apples are used as stocks upon which 
to bud or graft free-growing apples to dwarf them. These have 
been used in Europe probably for several centuries, and from 
the experience two kinds have been selected as having pre- 
eminent merit aS dwarfing stocks; one the Paradise — the 
other the Doucin. 
Paradise stocks. Of the two stocks, the Paradise makes 
the smaller tree, and is sometimes called the “ Dwarf Apple” 
— the Doucin, the “ Half Dwarf Apple.” The effect of grafting 
the common varieties on Paradise stock is a very diminutive 
or bush-like apple tree. These stocks are grown in Europe, 
mostly in France, and very largely by means of mound layers, 
a fact which indicates that the plant is inclined to stool or 
sucker, often forming, when left to mature, a true bush. This 
stock is also extremely shallow-rooted, and needs much fertility 
in the soil, and still more an abundance of moisture. Not all 
varieties of apples thrive on Paradise roots, scions of many 
failing to make perfect unions. The Northern Spy, Ben Davis, 
Baldwin and R. I. Greening seem to be examples. The union 
is very poor with nearly all varieties unless the tree is trained 
to some style of dwarf head. The considerations of food, 
moisture, union and training make it necessary to give apjile 
trees on Paradise stocks very careful attention. 
Doucin stocks.—The Doucin stock produces a tree about mid- 
way between the Paradise dwarf and the common standard 
tree. Nearly all varieties of apples are thought to produce a 
good union with this stock, though we are not finding this 
