540 Report OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
quite true in our experiments. Its food and moisture require- 
ments seem to differ but little from those of the standard trees, 
though without doubt they should receive much more attention 
in training. With both of these dwarfing stocks it is necessary 
to make sure that the scion does not throw out roots and give 
what is called a “bull” tree. Unfortunately the scion may 
root at any time from setting to maturity. Doucin stocks are 
also brought from Europe and if from England care must be 
exercised as to the name of the stock ordered; for the English 
call the Doucin stock “ Broad leaved Paradise,” and the true 
Paradise “French Paradise.” This confusion in names has 
caused much trouble in ordering, and without doubt there are 
many plantations in America on stocks wrongly named. 
Standard stocks.—Since practically all of our apples are 
now on this stock all are familiar with it and little need be said 
of it here. The trees upon which apples are grafted or budded 
for standard trees come from France for the most part, and 
are called “ French Crabs,” the word crab being used in the 
sense of a wild or inferior tree, not necessarily the true crab- 
apple. These stocks are grown from seeds and are imported to 
America in great numbers. Some standard stocks are gtown in 
America and are known to the trade as “ domestic stocks.” 
These are not looked upon as being as uniform in growth, as 
hardy or as vigorous as the French Crab, and for Eastern 
America, at least, are not as cheap. All varieties of apples 
make good unions with standard stocks. 
Advantages of dwarf apples.— In Europe dwarf apples have 
a number of advantages over the standard trees. Advocates of 
the smaller trees claim the same advantages for the dwarfs in 
America. It is very doubtful if these hold on the two conti- 
nents to the same degree, yet they may be set forth here. 
1. Dwarf trees, especially those on Paradise stock, come in 
bearing earlier than standards. 
2. All orchard operations are more easily performed. 
3. Winds cause less injury to the trees and crops. 
