New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 543 
orchard that the Paradise trees have come in bearing appreci- 
ably earlier than the apples on the other two stocks. But even 
here the crop was not large enough to cut any financial figure, 
until the present season, the fifth from setting, when the aver- 
age for the 165 trees was about one-third of a bushel, with 
about half as much on the Doucin trees and almost nothing on 
the standard stocks. 
If varieties are compared there is a tremendous variation. 
Boiken, Ben Davis, Wealthy, Wagener, Longfield, Rhode Island 
Greening, and Rome, about in the order named, have been the 
largest bearers, while Sutton, Northern Spy and Twenty Ounce 
have not yet started to bear on any of the stocks. 
These figures show that while apples on Paradise stock come 
in bearing earliest, they do not bear profitable crops, as is so 
often stated, two years from planting, and only in one of the 
three orchards could there have been any financial return from 
the varieties on Paradise until the fifth year. 
As to the claim that orchard operations are easier in dwarf 
orchards it is apparent at once that such is the case for nearly 
all operations, yet there are exceptions that in these days of 
first-class orchard equipment nearly off-set the greater ease 
with which dwarf trees may be sprayed and the fruit thinned 
and pruned. I refer to cultivation and pruning. The close 
planting and low heading in dwarf orchards make it difficult 
to cultivate properly and to some extent to get about at all in 
the orchard. In pruning the work with dwarf trees is vastly 
greater. Not only must there be the usual winter pruning, but 
also a much more painstaking and laborious summer pruning 
coming at a time when help can be illy spared. Moreover each 
Season it is necessary to dig about the trees to see that the 
scions are not taking root. In these experiments it has been 
found much more difficult to train the dwarf trees with good 
heads than to similarly shape standard trees. 
Coming to the third claim for dwarf trees — that wind does 
less damage to trees and crops — this experiment demonstrates 
nothing. From observation it is certain, however, that the loss 
