544 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
from gales in a windy country and high-headed trees is greater. 
The difference between dwarf and low-headed standard trees, 
however, in this respect is almost a negligible factor. If stand- 
ard and Paradise trees are compared the difference is in favor 
of low-headed standards for in the orchards under considera- 
tion it was found that the shallow-rooted Paradise trees often 
blew over. 
The fourth claim of merit is as to the small size whereby 
more dwarf trees can be planted on a given area. This is an 
advantage for amateurs who have little room and want many 
varieties, and to the fruit grower who may want to test varie- 
ties. These three orchards demonstrate very plainly, however, 
that the enthusiasts who are recommending for America a dis- 
tance of anywhere from six to twelve feet for Paradise stock 
and eight to sixteen for Doucin, are putting them far too close 
together. In America these distances will have to be doubled 
unless the soil, trees and methods are very different from those 
in these experiments or in the many orchards that have come 
under the writer’s observation. 
The claim in regard to greater size, higher color and better 
flavor for the fruit of dwarf trees, is one most often made, and 
vet in these three orchards we have been badly disappointed in 
these regards. Where comparisons have been possible the fruit 
from dwarf trees has been no better in size and flavor than that 
from standard trees, or that to be found in many orchards of 
the same size and varieties in different parts of the State. 
Whether this will continue indefinitely remains to be seen, but 
certainly up to the present there has been little to justify the 
claim for better quality from dwarf trees. 
The work in these orchards brings out several marked disad- 
vantages of dwarf trees. The first is that the trees are more ex- 
pensive than standard trees. It costs more to propagate and 
grow them and the nurgerymen must get more for them. A 
second is that there is now and has been for generations a dis- 
pute as to what the true Paradise and the true Doucin stocks 
