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708 Report oF THE HortTIcULTURIST OF THE 
few feet beyond the nozzle. Its best work is probably done ata 
distance of from two to four feet from the nozzle’s orifice. It is 
readily seen that in treating very large trees this nozzle must in | 
some way be lifted into the branches. Climbing the trees can 
not profitably be practiced to any great extent, so that for those 
parts of the tree which can not be reached by poles or “ bamboo 
extensions,” some other kind of nozzle is used capable of throw- 
ing a spray to a greater distance, although the spray be not 
so fine as that made by the Vermorel. For such long distance 
work we used the McGowen nozzle. 
Bamboo extension.—The bamboo extension has been in use 
for several years in spraying orchards. It consists of a three- 
eighths inch brass tube inside of a bamboo pole. To the lower 
end is attached a coupling by means of which it is joined to the 
discharge hose of the spray pump. A stop-cock at this end per- 
mits the operator to shut off the spray readily whenever he 
chooses to do so. ‘To the other extremity of the bamboo exten- 
sion the nozzle is attached. The extensions are usually from six 
to eight feet long, so that when the operator stands in a wagon 
he can with the Vermorel nozzle satisfactorily spray branches 
from fifteen to twenty feet from the ground. 
In treating small orchards the hose may be fastened to a pole 
and thus the nozzle may be lifted up among the branches of tall 
trees, but where large orchards are to be treated it will probably 
be best to use the bamboo extension. Spraying is hard work 
even with the best appliances and the use of clumsy apparatus 
will not be economical in large orchards. | 
Force pumps.—lor applying mixtures containing copper com- 
pounds the pumps should be of brass or brass lined, otherwise 
they will become corroded. In selecting a pump for use on 
an ordinary tank or barrel, it is best to get one with.double dis- 
charge so that two leads of hose may be used when necessary. 
These in turn may be each fitted with a “Y ” coupling thus — 
dividing each stream into two and permitting the use of four 
nozzles. | 
Many good pumps are on the market and it would be difficult 
to say which is the best. In treating the pear orchard in 1898, 
the Nixon “Climax” and the Gould “Clock” pumps were used. 
Both do good work, but neither one was wholly satisfactory in — 
treating the tallest trees because they were not powerful enough. 
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