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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391 
by 5, the amount of fat in the butter, we get 1.15, the amount of 
butter that is made for each pound of milk-fat. Then, in such a 
case, where the loss of fat is no greater, we can find out the 
amount of standard butter that we shall make from 100 pounds 
of milk by multiplying the per cent. of fat in the milk by 1.15. 
From the preceding ‘discussion, it becomes evident that, under 
the following conditions, the amount of fat in the milk is no accu- 
rate guide as to the amount of butter that will be made from the 
milk : | 
1. If a method of creaming, as any ordinary gravity method of 
setting, is employed, which can not be relied upon to give uniform 
results for the same milk from day to day and for milk from 
different individuals. 
2. If methods are employed in the process of churning, which 
do not give uniform results in the loss of fat. 
3. If the butter is salted and worked without producing a fairly 
uniform product, making, one day, a product containing seventy- 
five per cent. of fat and, another day, a product containing eighty 
or eighty-five per cent. of fat. 
No gravity process of creaming is yet known that can be relied 
upon to cream all kinds of milk, even under the same conditions, 
with anything like equal or uniform efficiency. A study of the 
results presented in connection with the comparison of breeds of 
dairy cattle in regard to butter production shows this truth very 
strikingly. This can well be shown by presenting simply the 
fioures that show how much butter was made from a pound of fat 
in the milk of the different breeds: 1.07, 1.04, 0.98, 0.97, 0.93, 0.88. 
These numbers are not uniform and a study of individuals reveals © 
much greater differences. 
XIX. COMPARISON OF METHODS OF CREAMING MILK 
BY SETTING AND BY CENTRIFUGAL MACHINE. 
In carrying on the investigation of dairy breeds of cattle, it was 
proposed to use for creaming the milk during the second period 
of lactation the De Laval “ Baby Separator No. 2.” As a prelim- 
inary to carrying out this plan, the separator was used with all 
the cows, whether in first or second period of lactation, the 
results being compared with those obtained in the month previous 
