of 
New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 
Tests were made in four apple orchards besides those at the 
Experiment Station to see what effect spraying in bloom would 
have upon the insects and diseases which may be injurious to 
the crop and also upon the yield of fruit. The investigations 
gave no information as to whether or not the injurious insects 
and diseases may be controlled by spraying in bloom better than 
by earlier and later treatment, because the orchards under ex- 
periment were quite free from these troubles at spraying time. 
Even with trees which had a great abundance of blossoms 
spraying in bloom decreased the yield on the average from one- 
third bushel to one and a half bushels per tree. Spraying trees 
at several different times while they were in bloom so as to hit 
both the early and the late blossoms with the spray ruined the 
crop of fruit. | ' 
Second report on New York apple-tree canker.—Since Bulletin 
163. on the New York apple tree canker was published, Mr. Pad- 
dock has continued his investigations on this subject. He finds 
the fungus which causes this trouble, Spheropsis malorwn, 
occurs on several hosts, including apple, pear and quince fruits 
and apple, pear and hawthorn trees. Sunscald and sunburn un- 
doubtedly have much to do with the susceptibility of some 
varieties of apple trees to the canker. The fungus which causes 
the canker in such cases undoubtedly gains entrance to the 
cambium through the tissue which has been injured by the 
sunscald or sunburn. In some parts of the country where sun- 
scald and sunburn are much more injurious than they are in the 
apple-growing sections of New York State some make a practice 
of spraying trees in winter with whitewash to prevent sunscald, 
and train the trees to thick low heads to prevent injury in sum- 
mer from sunburn. Mr. Paddock recommends spraying with 
Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of canker. 
He has found that Nectria ditissima, which is a serious canker 
fungus in European orchards, occurs on apple trees in New York 
and Nova Scotia. 
