178 REPORT OF THD BOTANIST OF THE 
majority of cases neither of the latter two diseases is present, 
showing that “hairy root” is a distinct disease. Some think it 
a consequence of grafting, but this can not be true because it 
occurs on budded trees as well as on grafted ones.. Some Yelieve 
that it is more common on light soils while others say that the 
character of the soil makes no difference. It ceems to be con- 
fined to the apple. The cause is unknown. 
Hait InJury.—In the summer of 1898 a severe hailstorm 
passed over the orchards south of Geneva. While making some 
observations on fruit trees in that locality in April, 1900, we 
observed some interesting hail effects which were still visible 
on the bark. ‘The details of these observations are given in the 
discussion of plum diseases (page 202) and cherry diseases (page 
186). On apple bark the only outward evidence of hail injury 
was the presence of a few scars where the bark had been broken 
by hailstones; but upon removing the outer layer of bark numer- 
ous brown, corky spots were revealed. The location of these 
dead spots was not indicated externally by any differences of 
color in the outer bark as on the plum and cherry. 
PowpeEry MiLtpEew (Podosphera oxyacanthe (D C.) D By.).— 
This is often very troublesome to apple seedlings in the nurseries 
of Western New York; so much so, in fact, that spraying with 
Bordeaux mixture to prevent mildew is one of the necessary oper- 
ations in the growing of apple seedlings. However, in 1900 this 
disease appears to have been almost entirely absent. We have 
neither seen nor heard of its occurrence except in a nursery at 
Orleans, Ontario Co., where traces of it were observed upon 
many plants. 
We have been unable to take a single specimen of Spherotheca 
mali. 
Rust (Gymnosporangium spp.)—We have been constantly on 
the lookout for this disease, but have met with it only at Dres- 
den, where we found a few trees showing a little rust on 
August 28. : | 
RusseETInG oF FRurr.—There has also been very little of this 
trouble. 
