New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 237 
During its life underground the larva grows to over nine times 
its length at the time of hatching. Its body becomes quite 
robust and somewhat wedge-shaped. The hairs scattered over 
the body become more numerous and coarser, while the front 
legs develop into formidable digging appendages. 
Marlatt and others’ have found that while the larva undoubt- 
edly remains in one place most of the time, it may move about 
to some extent. It lives within a cell of compact earth, which is 
usually formed so that one or two fine roots of the food plant 
run through the walls in easy access of the insect’s beak. It 
may thus obtain nourishment by thrusting its beak into the 
tissue and sucking the sap. 
The pupa.— The pupa resembles the larva in its advanced stage 
but the red eye-spots are wanting and the true eyes show more 
prominently. The rudimentary wings have also become quite 
prominent, while the front legs are much developed and are well 
fitted for digging. The habits of the pupa while it remains 
under ground are practically the same as those of the larva. It 
passes two molts. 
Location in the soil.— There has been much difference of opinion 
as to the depth in the soil to which the larve and pup are 
eapable of going. Observations have shown that the usual depth 
is from one to one and a half feet. One instance has been 
recorded,? however, where the pupz came up in the bottom of a 
eellar. In another case they came up through a mass of cinders 
five feet thick. Other cases have been reported where they were 
found ten feet or more below the surface of the ground. Another 
imstance was observed by the writer where the pupe had evi- 
dently remained for some time at a much shallower depth. In 
this case they appeared in an old orchard. A large number of 
examinations showed that the average distance of the pupe 
beneath the surface of the soil was about eight inches. A 
feature of considerable interest in connection with the life of the 
insect under ground is its ability to live in soil that has been 
under water for some time. At least two instances of this kind 
have been recorded. In one case the ground was annually 
8Idem., pp. 91 and 93. 
‘Marlatt. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 14, n.«., p. 92. 
