New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 239 
flooded for several years, apparently without injuring the 
cicadas which were found from 12 to 18 inches below the 
surface.” 
Habits of the pupe above ground.—When ready to abandon 
the subterranean life the pupe dig upward toward the surface 
of the ground. They always emerge in the spring, usually, in 
this climate, about the middle of May, although the time prob- 
ably varies somewhat with the season. The individuals in a 
given locality usually come out of the ground at about the same 
time, not more than three or four days elapsing between the 
appearance of the first and last individuals. Most of them come 
out during the night, but occasionally stragglers appear during 
the early morning hours. 
The pupa when it first appears above ground is soft bodied 
and creamy white in color. It may move about actively for a 
short time, probably a few hours, although often less, in search 
of a suitable support which it can climb and cling securely to. 
The skin hardens rapidly, and after the insect has found a 
suitable place and is prepared for the change, splits down the 
back and the adult escapes, leaving behind the empty pupa skin, 
Plate XXII, Fig. 1. It is not uncommon to find these old pupa 
cases attached to the leaves or twigs several weeks after the adults 
have escaped. Some idea of the manner in which the adult 
escapes from the pupa skin is given by Fig. 2, where two 
adults are seen which only partially succeeded in freeing them- 
selves. The upper one succeeded in freeing its head, thorax and 
both wings while the lower has but its head and thorax free. 
Height to which the pupe climb.— The pupe usually do not 
climb far. The old skins from which the adults escaped will 
usually be found from a few inches to from five to ten feet 
above the ground. A comparatively small number may succeed 
in going much higher. In one instance the writer found the 
pupa cases nearly thirty feet above the ground attached te the 
limb of a tree, and in a few cases several were found at about 
twenty feet. 
l0Tdem., p. 93. 
