240 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE 
Building huts.— Under some circumstances not yet well under- 
stood the pupz build chimney-like huts on the surface of the 
ground just before abandoning the subterranean life. These 
huts may open at the top or be closed at the top and open at the 
sides. The hut is in reality a continuation above ground of the 
channel in the earth made by the pupa. Plate XXIII, Fig. 1, shows 
a hut, natural size, that opens at the top. In some cases large 
numbers will be built and in others but very few. They are 
built on both high and low ground, as instances are recorded 
where they have been found in both localities. That a prefer- 
ence may sometimes be shown is not improbable. <A case in 
point was observed by the writer at Union Springs during the 
spring of 1899 when the cicadas appeared in large numbers in 
that locality. . The_pupz emerged in greatest numbers in a grove 
which was on both high ground and low swampy land. Although 
careful search was made the huts could be found only on the 
low wet land although as many or more cicadas had emerged 
from the higher ground. 
The adult.—When it first emerges from the pupal skin the 
adult insect is soft bodied and creamy-white in color. But the 
integument soon hardens, and as it does so turns jet black. The 
eyes and wing veins are coral red. The body of the female 
measures about one inch in length. The wings, which are 
membranous, form a roof over the body when at rest, projecting 
beyond it about half an inch. When expanded they measure 
about three inches from tip to tip. Plate XXIV, which is from a 
photograph from life, shows a number of cicadas natural size. 
At Fig. 3, Plate XXII, an adult female with wings spread is 
shown. 
The adult cicadas are active, noisy creatures, flying about 
during the day and making the woods ring with their shrill 
song. Their flight is very short and hence, as they do not 
migrate in the immature stages, the species spreads very slowly. 
Song of the periodical cicada.— The so-called song of the peri- 
odical cicada is produced by the males only. Each male has two 
song-producing instruments, one on either side of the basal seg- 
ment of the abdomen, underneath and concealed by the wings, 
